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KARBAPENEM DİRENÇLİ KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE İZOLATLARINDA SEFTAZİDİM-AVİBAKTAM VE KOLİSTİN DİRENCİNİN YILLAR İÇİNDE DEĞİŞİMİNİN İZLENMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 105 - 112, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54962/ankemderg.1764509

Abstract

Karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae (KDKP) enfeksiyonları, sağlık kurumlarında yüksek morbidite ve mortaliteye yol açan önemli bir problemdir. Özellikle tedavide son seçenek olarak kullanılan seftazidim-avibaktam (CZA) ve kolistine karşı direnç oranları giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hastanemiz yoğun bakım üniteleri ve servislerinde izole edilen KDKP suşlarında CZA ve kolistin direncinin yıllara göre değişimini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı’nda, Ocak 2022-Haziran 2025 tarihleri arasında çeşitli klinik örneklerden etken olarak izole edilen KDKP izolatları dahil edildi. İzolatların tanımlaması MALDI-TOF MS ile, CZA duyarlılığı disk difüzyon yöntemiyle, kolistin duyarlılığı ise sıvı mikrodilüsyon temelli ticari bir test ile belirlenmiştir. Antibiyotik duyarlılık sonuçları EUCAST kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam 643 KDKP izolatının %60.2’si yoğun bakım ünitesinden, %21.4’ü cerrahi ve %18.4’ü dahili servislerden gönderilmiştir. KDKP’nin etken olduğu enfeksiyonlar en sık kan (%29.1), idrar (%25.0) ve trakeal aspirat (%24.0) örneklerinden izole edilmiştir. Kolistin direnç oranının %38.2 olduğu ve yıllar içinde direnç oranlarındaki artışın (%38.9, %33.1, %36.7 ve %42.6) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı görüldü (p=0.394). CZA direncinin ise %42.6 olduğu ve yıllara göre sırasıyla; %18.2, %31.4, %48.5 ve %52.7 olarak değiştiği ve bu artışın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu saptandı (p<0.001). Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızda, KDKP izolatlarında kolistin direncinin son dört yılda benzer seyrettiği ancak CZA direncinin anlamlı şekilde arttığı görülmüştür. Bu durum klinik açıdan önemli olup, antibiyotik direncinin kontrolünün sağlanması için sağlık kurumlarında direnç profilinin dikkatle takip edilmesi ve akılcı antibiyotik kullanımına yönelik etkin kontrol programlarının titizlikle uygulanmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın etik kurul onayı Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan alındı (22.07.2025 tarih ve HNEAH-GOAEK/KK/2025/106 Karar No).

Supporting Institution

Yok.

Project Number

yoktur

References

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  • Corcione S, Rocchetti A, Argentero PA, et al. A one-year survey of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: beyond the ICU. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(2):e11-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.012.
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  • Hu H, Shi Q, Zhang P, et al. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of colistin-resistant isolates among clinically isolated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023;62(2):106873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106873.
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  • Lagadinou M, Amerali M, Michailides C, et al. Antibiotic resistance trends in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens and eight-year surveillance of XDR bloodstream infections in a Western Greece tertiary hospital. Pathogens. 2024;13(12):1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121136
  • Mermutluoğlu Ç, Çiftçi EZ, Özcan N, Dayan S. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae ve Escherichia coli suşlarında antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının araştırılması: Kapsamlı bir sağlık kuruluşunda dört yıllık analiz. Van Tıp Derg. 2023;30(4). https://doi.org/10.5505/vtd.2023.78972
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  • Narimisa N, Goodarzi F, Bavari S. Prevalence of colistin resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;21(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-022-00520-8.
  • Oruç Ş, Aras S, Zorbozan O, Özhak B, Yaman G, Berktaş M. Karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarında in vitro seftazidim/avibaktam ve sefiderekol duyarlılıklarının değerlendirilmesi, Yayın No: EP-086, s:897-8, XLI Türk Mikrobiyol Kongresi, Kas 13-17, Antalya (2024).
  • Özkul Koçak CE, Hazırolan G. Karbapeneme dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae klinik izolatlarında kolistin direnci. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2019;49(1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2019.017
  • Öztaş S, Er DK, Dündar D. Karbapenemlere dirençli ve duyarlı Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarının çeşitli antimikrobiyallere direnç oranları. Kocaeli Univ Saglik Bilim Derg. 2022;8(3):229-32. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1163427
  • RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales–third updates 3 February 2025 Erişim Linki: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/risk-assessment-carbapenem-resistant-enterobacterales-third-update-february-2025_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2025)
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  • Russo C, Humphries R. Approaches to testing novel β-lactam and β-lactam combination agents in the clinical laboratory. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(12):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121700
  • Shein AMS, Wannigama DL, Higgins PG et al. High prevalence of mgrB-mediated colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with biofilm formation, and can be overcome by colistin-EDTA combination therapy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):12939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17083-5.
  • Shields RK, Chen L, Cheng S et al. Emergence of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance during treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(3):e02097-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02097-16
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Monitoring the changes of ceftazidime-avibactam and colistin resistance in carbapenem-resıstant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates over the years

Year 2025, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 105 - 112, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54962/ankemderg.1764509

Abstract

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections are a significant problem in healthcare institutions, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Resistance rates are increasing, particularly to ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) and colistin, which are used as last-line treatment options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in CZA and colistin resistance among CRKP strains isolated from intensive care units and wards of our hospital over the years. CRKP isolates isolated from various clinical specimens at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital between January 2022 and June 2025 were included in the study. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, CZA susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion, and colistin susceptibility was determined using a commercial broth microdilution-based test. Antibiotic susceptibility results were evaluated according to EUCAST criteria. Of the 643 CRKP isolates, 60.2% were sent from the intensive care unit, 21.4% from surgical units, and 18.4% from internal medicine wards. Infections caused by CRKP were most frequently isolated from blood (29.1%), urine (25.0%), and tracheal
aspirate (24.0%) specimens. The colistin resistance rate was 38.2%, and the increase in resistance rates over the years (38.9%, 33.1%, 36.7%, and 42.6%) was not statistically significant (p=0.394). CZA resistance was 42.6% and changed to 18.2%, 31.4%, 48.5% and 52.7% over the years, respectively; and this increase was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). In conclusion, our study found that colistin resistance in CRKP isolates remained similar over the last four years, but CZA resistance increased significantly. This situation is clinically important and highlights the importance of carefully monitoring the resistance profile in healthcare institutions and meticulously implementing effective control programs for rational antibiotic use to control antibiotic resistance.

Ethical Statement

The study received ethics committee approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital (Decision No. HNEAH-GOAEK/KK/2025/106 dated 22.07.2025).

Supporting Institution

None.

Project Number

yoktur

References

  • Aygar İS. Karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae kökenlerinde yıllar içerisinde kolistin MİK değerindeki artışın in vitro değerlendirilmesi. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2020;50(3):164-71 https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2020.164
  • Bilgin M, İşler H, Başbulut E, Görgün S. Genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz üreten Enterobacteriaceae izolatlarına karşı seftazidim-avibaktam’ın in vitro etkinliğinin araştırılması. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2023;8(1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1249716
  • Cireșă A, Tălăpan D, Vasile CC, Popescu C, Popescu GA. Evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae over 3 Years (2019-2021) in a Tertiary Hospital in Bucharest, Romania. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(5):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13050431.
  • Corcione S, Rocchetti A, Argentero PA, et al. A one-year survey of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: beyond the ICU. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(2):e11-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.012.
  • Davoodi NR, Soleimani N, Hosseini SM, Rahnamaye-Farzami M. Molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation of colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03376-4
  • Doğan M. Karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae'nin fenotipik ve genotipik tanımlanması ve antibiyotik duyarlılığının belirlenmesi. Selçuk Tıp Derg. 2023;39(2):75-83. https://doi.org/10.30733/std.2023.01639
  • EUCAST Clinical breakpoints-breakpoints and guidance Erişim Linki: https://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2025
  • EUCAST Disk Diffusion Test Methodology Erişim Linki: https://www.eucast.org/ast_of_bacteria/disk_diffusion_methodology Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2025
  • Flamm RK, Nichols WW, Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Jones RN. In vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam against Gram-negative pathogens isolated from pneumonia in hospitalised patients, including ventilated patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(3):235-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.004
  • Galani I, Karaiskos I, Giamarellou H. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: mechanisms of resistance including updated data for novel β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(11):1457-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1924674
  • Hu H, Shi Q, Zhang P, et al. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of colistin-resistant isolates among clinically isolated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023;62(2):106873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106873.
  • Institutul Național de Sănătate Publică CARMIAAM-ROM 2019 (Consumul de Antibiotice, Rezistența Microbiană și Infecții Asociate Asistenței Medicale în România—2019) Erişim Linki: https://www.cnscbt.ro/index.php/analiza-date-supraveghere/infectii-nosocomiale-1/2704-consumul-de-antibiotice-rezistenta-microbiana-si-infectii-asociate-asistentei-medicale-in-romania-2019 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2025).
  • Institutul Național de Sănătate Publică CARMIAAM-ROM 2021 (Consumul de Antibiotice, Rezistența Microbiană și Infecții Asociate Asistenței Medicale în România—2021) Erişim: https://insp.gov.ro/centrul-national-de-supraveghere-si-control-al-bolilor-transmisibile-cnscbt/analiza-date-supraveghere/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2025).
  • Koca Ö, Tığlı GA, Özen HN, Çekin Y, Seyman D. Evaluation of ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. J Med Palliat Care. 2023;4(6):625-9. https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1372443
  • Krithika VM, Ganesan V, Rajendran T. Ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2024;49:100603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100603
  • Lagadinou M, Amerali M, Michailides C, et al. Antibiotic resistance trends in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens and eight-year surveillance of XDR bloodstream infections in a Western Greece tertiary hospital. Pathogens. 2024;13(12):1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121136
  • Mermutluoğlu Ç, Çiftçi EZ, Özcan N, Dayan S. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae ve Escherichia coli suşlarında antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının araştırılması: Kapsamlı bir sağlık kuruluşunda dört yıllık analiz. Van Tıp Derg. 2023;30(4). https://doi.org/10.5505/vtd.2023.78972
  • Mikhail S, Singh NB, Kebriaei R et al. Evaluation of the synergy of ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with meropenem, amikacin, aztreonam, colistin, or fosfomycin against well-characterized multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(8):e00779-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00779-19.
  • Narimisa N, Goodarzi F, Bavari S. Prevalence of colistin resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;21(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-022-00520-8.
  • Oruç Ş, Aras S, Zorbozan O, Özhak B, Yaman G, Berktaş M. Karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarında in vitro seftazidim/avibaktam ve sefiderekol duyarlılıklarının değerlendirilmesi, Yayın No: EP-086, s:897-8, XLI Türk Mikrobiyol Kongresi, Kas 13-17, Antalya (2024).
  • Özkul Koçak CE, Hazırolan G. Karbapeneme dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae klinik izolatlarında kolistin direnci. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2019;49(1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2019.017
  • Öztaş S, Er DK, Dündar D. Karbapenemlere dirençli ve duyarlı Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarının çeşitli antimikrobiyallere direnç oranları. Kocaeli Univ Saglik Bilim Derg. 2022;8(3):229-32. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1163427
  • RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales–third updates 3 February 2025 Erişim Linki: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/risk-assessment-carbapenem-resistant-enterobacterales-third-update-february-2025_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2025)
  • Rojas LJ, Salim M, Cober E ve ark. Colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: laboratory detection and impact on mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(6):711-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw805.
  • Russo C, Humphries R. Approaches to testing novel β-lactam and β-lactam combination agents in the clinical laboratory. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(12):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121700
  • Shein AMS, Wannigama DL, Higgins PG et al. High prevalence of mgrB-mediated colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with biofilm formation, and can be overcome by colistin-EDTA combination therapy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):12939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17083-5.
  • Shields RK, Chen L, Cheng S et al. Emergence of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance during treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(3):e02097-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02097-16
  • Telli M. Klebsiella pneumoniae klinik suşlarında, 2012-2020 yılları arasında karbapenem direnç oranlarındaki değişimin ve direnç genlerinin araştırılması. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2022;95. https://doi.org/10.54453/TMCD.2022.05025
  • Tumbarello M, Raffaelli F, Giannella M et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam use for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae infections: a retrospective observational multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(9):1664-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab176
  • van Duin D, Lok JJ, Earley M et al. Colistin versus ceftazidime-avibactam in the treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(2):163-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix783
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There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Microbiology (Other), Clinical Microbiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülsüm Kaya 0000-0003-2517-5512

Neslihan Arıcı 0000-0003-4788-0044

Nilgün Kansak 0000-0002-1117-3906

Rıza Adaleti 0000-0001-9576-6794

Sebahat Aksaray 0000-0002-0552-1337

Project Number yoktur
Submission Date August 14, 2025
Acceptance Date September 28, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 39 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Kaya G, Arıcı N, Kansak N, Adaleti R, Aksaray S. KARBAPENEM DİRENÇLİ KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE İZOLATLARINDA SEFTAZİDİM-AVİBAKTAM VE KOLİSTİN DİRENCİNİN YILLAR İÇİNDE DEĞİŞİMİNİN İZLENMESİ. ANKEM Derg. 2025;39(3):105-12.

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