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Respiratory Viruses: Vaccine Preventable Influenza Is Among Us

Year 2020, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 04.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.5222/ankem.2020.001

Abstract

Viruses are important causative agents for acute respiratory infections which can cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly and infants. In this report, we aimed to to evaluate the epidemiology of cases with acute viral respiratory infection in terms of mortality and effecting variables as well as the efficacy of oseltamivir treatment and influenza vaccination in a tertiary-care educational hospital. There were a total of 103 patients. Viral etiology was elucidated in 76 cases and, in 15 out of 76 cases, more than one virus were positive by polymerase chain reaction [(Rhinovirus (25), Influenza A (23), Influenza B (14), Parainfluenza type 1-2-3-4 (7), Bocavirus (6), Coronavirus (6), Adenovirus (3), RSV-A(2), RSV-B(2), MPV (3) respectively]. The influenza vaccination rate was 3.15 %. The mortality was seen in eight (7.7 %) cases (unvaccinated for influenza and more than one virus were detected in two cases) whose viral etiologies were Influenza [Influenza A (3) ve Influenza B (2)], Bocavirus (2) and Rhinovirus (2). Overall, empirical oseltamivir treatment was given 27 out of 50 (52.9 %) cases was positive for Influenza A or B. The mortality rate was significantly lower in the group given oseltamivir (7/51 vs 1/52, p=0.031). In four out of eight mortal cases, oseltamivir treatment could be initiated after the 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms. Mortality rate was significantly higher in the group of 10 patients whose systemic inflammatory response syndrome point were recorded as four (7/10 vs 1/93, p=0,000). Respiratory viruses are frequently seen as a pathogen of acute respiratory infections. Vaccinepreventable Influenza viruses A/B and the others can cause significant mortality and morbidity. Hence, influenza vaccination has vital importance, especially in the high-risk group of patients.

References

  • Ahmad Hamidi A, Gelmez Taş B, Gündüz A, et al. Immunization rates of pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus vaccines and knowledge and attitudes of adult patients who receive inpatient treatment at hospital: point prevalence study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(11):2649-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1489187
  • Bayrakdar F, Altaş AB, Korukluoğlu G. Solunum yolu virüslerinin 2009-2012 yılları arasında ülkemizdeki mevsimsel dağılımı. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2013;43(2):56-66. https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2013.056
  • Çiçek C, Arslan A, Karakuş HS, et al. Prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses in patients with acute respiratory tract infections, 2002-2014. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2015;49(2):188-200. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.9024
  • De Conto F, Conversano F, Medici MC, et al. Epidemiology of human respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in a 3-year hospital-based survey in Northern Italy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; pii: S0732-8893(19)30053-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.008
  • Demirdogen Cetinoglu E, Uzaslan E, Sayıner A, et al. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination status of hospitalized adults with community acquired pneumonia and the effects of vaccination on clinical presentation. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(9):2072-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1339851
  • Gökçe Ş, Kurugöl Z, Koturoğlu G, Çiçek C, Aslan A. Etiology, seasonality, and clinical features of viral respiratory tract infections in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a single-center study. Glob Pediatr Health. 2017;4:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X17714378
  • Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practicesUnited States, 2018-19 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(3):1-20. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6703a1
  • Han SB, Shin JA, Kim SK, et al. Respiratory viral infections in children and adolescents with hematological malignancies. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2019;11(1): e2019006. https://doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.006
  • Kim HJ, Choi SM, Lee J, et al. Respiratory virus of severe pneumonia in South Korea: prevalence and clinical implications. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0198902. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198902
  • Lytras T, Mouratidou E, Andreopoulou A, Bonovas S, Tsiodras S. Effect of early oseltamivir treatment on mortality in critically ill patients with different types of influenza: a multi-season cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz101
  • Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, et al. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a metaanalysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):395-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70041-4
  • Radovanovic D, Sotgiu G, Jankovic M, et al. An international perspective on hospitalized patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2019;60:54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.10.020
  • Sancaklı Ö, Yenigün A, Kırdar S. Alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonunda nazofaringeal örneklerde polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu sonuçları. J Pediatr Inf. 2012;6(3):84-9.
  • Tekin S, Keske S, Alan S, et al. Predictors of Fatality in Influenza A Virus Subtypes Infection among inpatients in 2015-2016 season. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;81:6-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.005
  • Wabe N, Li L, Lindeman R, et al. Impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing of respiratory viruses on outcomes of adults hospitalised with respiratory illness: a multicentre quasi-experimental study. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;57(4):e01727-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01727-18

Solunum Yolu Virüsleri: Aşı ile Korunabilen Grip Aramızda

Year 2020, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 04.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.5222/ankem.2020.001

Abstract

Solunum yolu virüsleri özellikle yaşlı ve çocuklarda olmak üzere önemli mortalite ve morbidite nedeni olabilen akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonları olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu yazıda, bir üçüncü basamak eğitim araştırma üniversite hastanesi olan kurumumuzda akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarında solunum yolu virüslerinin rolü ile birlikte oseltamivir tedavisinin etkinliği, grip aşılanmasının önemini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 103 hasta çalışmaya alınmıştır. Olguların 76’sında viral etken saptanmış (Rhinovirüs (25), Influenza A (23), Influenza B (14), Parainfluenza tip 1-2-3-4 (7), Bocavirus (6), Coronavirus (6), Adenovirüs (3), RSV-A(2), RSV-B(2), MPV (3)], olguların 15 tanesinde polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile birden fazla virüs tespit edilmiştir. Influenza aşısı olma oranı toplamda % 3.15 olarak saptanmıştır. Toplam sekiz hastada (% 7.7) mortalite gözlenmiş, iki olguda birden fazla virüs olmak üzere olguların beşinde Influenza [Influenza A (3) ve Influenza B (2)], ikisinde Bocavirus ve ikisinde de Rhinovirus pozitif saptanmıştır. Bu hastaların hiçbiri Influenza aşısı olmamıştır. Tedavi başlanmış olan 27/51 (% 52,9) hastada Influenza A/B pozitifliği belirlenmiştir. Oseltamivir tedavisi başlanmış olanlarla başlanmamış olanlar arasında mortalite oranlarındaki fark anlamlı (7/51’ye karşı 1/52, p=0,031) olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Mortalite saptanan sekiz hastanın dördünde oseltamivir tedavisine, semptomların ortaya çıkmasından 48 saat sonra başlandığı görülmüştür. Sistemik inflamatuvar yanıt sendromu kriterlerine göre dört puan alan toplam on hastalık grupta mortalite anlamlı olarak daha fazla kaydedilmiştir (7/10 vs 1/93, p=0,000). Solunum yolu virüsleri, akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarında etken olarak sık karşımıza çıkmakla beraber özellikle aşı ile önlenebilen Influenza virüs tip A ve B başta olmak üzere bu etkenler ciddi mortalite ve morbiditeye neden olabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle özellikle risk grubunda bulunan kişilerin aşılanma ile korunması hayati önem arz etmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’nden 08/01/2020 tarih ve 20-1T/55 sayılı etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

References

  • Ahmad Hamidi A, Gelmez Taş B, Gündüz A, et al. Immunization rates of pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus vaccines and knowledge and attitudes of adult patients who receive inpatient treatment at hospital: point prevalence study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(11):2649-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1489187
  • Bayrakdar F, Altaş AB, Korukluoğlu G. Solunum yolu virüslerinin 2009-2012 yılları arasında ülkemizdeki mevsimsel dağılımı. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2013;43(2):56-66. https://doi.org/10.5222/TMCD.2013.056
  • Çiçek C, Arslan A, Karakuş HS, et al. Prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses in patients with acute respiratory tract infections, 2002-2014. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2015;49(2):188-200. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.9024
  • De Conto F, Conversano F, Medici MC, et al. Epidemiology of human respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in a 3-year hospital-based survey in Northern Italy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; pii: S0732-8893(19)30053-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.008
  • Demirdogen Cetinoglu E, Uzaslan E, Sayıner A, et al. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination status of hospitalized adults with community acquired pneumonia and the effects of vaccination on clinical presentation. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(9):2072-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1339851
  • Gökçe Ş, Kurugöl Z, Koturoğlu G, Çiçek C, Aslan A. Etiology, seasonality, and clinical features of viral respiratory tract infections in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a single-center study. Glob Pediatr Health. 2017;4:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X17714378
  • Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practicesUnited States, 2018-19 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(3):1-20. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6703a1
  • Han SB, Shin JA, Kim SK, et al. Respiratory viral infections in children and adolescents with hematological malignancies. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2019;11(1): e2019006. https://doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.006
  • Kim HJ, Choi SM, Lee J, et al. Respiratory virus of severe pneumonia in South Korea: prevalence and clinical implications. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0198902. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198902
  • Lytras T, Mouratidou E, Andreopoulou A, Bonovas S, Tsiodras S. Effect of early oseltamivir treatment on mortality in critically ill patients with different types of influenza: a multi-season cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz101
  • Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, et al. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a metaanalysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):395-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70041-4
  • Radovanovic D, Sotgiu G, Jankovic M, et al. An international perspective on hospitalized patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2019;60:54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.10.020
  • Sancaklı Ö, Yenigün A, Kırdar S. Alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonunda nazofaringeal örneklerde polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu sonuçları. J Pediatr Inf. 2012;6(3):84-9.
  • Tekin S, Keske S, Alan S, et al. Predictors of Fatality in Influenza A Virus Subtypes Infection among inpatients in 2015-2016 season. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;81:6-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.005
  • Wabe N, Li L, Lindeman R, et al. Impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing of respiratory viruses on outcomes of adults hospitalised with respiratory illness: a multicentre quasi-experimental study. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;57(4):e01727-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01727-18
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Microbiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Uğur Önal This is me 0000-0001-6194-3254

Deniz Akyol 0000-0002-1644-6248

Ayşe Önal 0000-0001-6615-2662

Cansu Bulut 0000-0003-3296-9230

Damla Akdağ 0000-0003-1700-7578

Çiğdem Yıldırım 0000-0002-0153-3373

Gunel Guliyeva 0000-0002-1887-3075

Candan Çiçek 0000-0002-3486-8305

Erkan Kismali This is me 0000-0001-8003-0522

Ebru Sezer 0000-0002-6900-3539

Oğuz Reşat Sipahi 0000-0002-1243-2746

Publication Date May 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Önal U, Akyol D, Önal A, Bulut C, Akdağ D, Yıldırım Ç, Guliyeva G, Çiçek C, Kismali E, Sezer E, Sipahi OR. Solunum Yolu Virüsleri: Aşı ile Korunabilen Grip Aramızda. ANKEM Derg. 2020;34(1):1-5.

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