Covid-19 Pandemisi: Genel Bir Bakış

Year 2020, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 25 - 31, 04.05.2020

Ceylan Polat

https://doi.org/10.5222/ankem.2020.025

Abstract

Aralık 2019 tarihinde Çin’de başlayan “ağır akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2”nin (“Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2”, SARS-CoV-2) neden olduğu koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (“Coronavirus disease 2019”, COVID-19) salgını, kısa sürede tüm dünyaya yayılmış ve Mart 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Şimdiye kadar, tüm dünyada üç milyondan fazla insan etkilenmiş ve iki yüz binden fazla kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir. Bu derlemede COVID-19 ve SARS-CoV-2 hakkındaki mevcut bilgiler özetlenmiştir.

Keywords

Coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemics, SARS-CoV-2

Ethical Statement

Yazar tarafından herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirilmemiştir

Covid-19 Pandemic: An Overview

Abstract

In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China, has spread globally in a short time and World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a pandemic in March 2020. Until now, more than three million people have been infected, and more than two hundred thousand have died. In this review, the current knowledge about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 was summarized.

Keywords

Coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemics, SARS-CoV-2

References

• Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARSCoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26:450-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
• Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(5). h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 2 8 0 7 / 1 5 6 0 - 7 9 1 7 . ES.2020.25.5.2000062
• Benvenuto D, Giovanetti M, Salemi M, et al. The global spread of 2019-nCoV: a molecular evolutionary analysis. Pathog Glob Health. 2020;114(2):64-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2020.1725339
• Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020;178:104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787
• Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1545-8. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI138003
• Chan JF, Yip CC, To KK, et al. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(5):e00310- 20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00310-20
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223): 507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
• Ciotti M, Angeletti S, Minieri M, et al. COVID-19 outbreak: an overview. Chemotherapy. 2020;7:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507423
• Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.w h o . i n t / p u b l i c a t i o n s - d e t a i l /c l i n i c a l - management-of-severe-acute-respiratoryinfection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)- infection-is-suspected, (erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020)
• Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by realtime RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3). h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 2 8 0 7 / 1 5 6 0 - 7 9 1 7 . ES.2020.25.3.2000045
• Coronavirus (COVID-19), World Health Organization (WHO), https://covid19.who.int/,(erişim tarihi: 30.04.2020)
• COVID-19 İmmün (Konvalesan) Plazma Tedarik ve Klinik Kullanım Rehberi, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Kan ve Kan Ürünleri Dairesi Başkanlığı, https://covid19bilgi. saglik.gov.tr/depo/enfeksiyon-kontorlonlemleri/COVID19-PlazmaUygulamaRehberi. pdf, (erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020).
• COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu) Rehberi Bilim Kurulu Çalışması, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, https://covid19bilgi. saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_ Rehberi.pdf, (erişim tarihi: 26.04.2020)
• Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Alp ME. COVID-19 outbreak control, example of the ministry of health of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):489-94. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2004-187
• Du Z, Wang L, Cauchemez S, et al. Risk for transportation of 2019 novel Coronavirus disease from Wuhan to other cities in China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):1049-52. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.200146
• Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M. Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(17):9241-3. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004999117
• Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
• Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidancemanagement-patients.html#lab-findings, (erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020)
• Jiang S, He Y, Liu S. SARS vaccine development. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1016-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/1107.050219
• Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4). pii: E372. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040372
• Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/ publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for- 2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-humancases-20200117, (erişim tarihi: 28.04.2020)
• Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The incubation period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases:estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
• Linton NM, Kobayashi T, Yang Y, et al. Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel Coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case data. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2). pii:E538. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020538
• Liu J, Liao X, Qian S, et al. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200239
• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
• Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causingcovid-19-implications-for-ipc-precautionrecommendations, (erişim tarihi: 28.04.2020).
• Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1610-2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3227
• Patel R, Babady E, Theel ES, et al. Report from the American Society for Microbiology COVID- 19 International Summit, 23 March 2020: value of diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. mBio. 2020;11(2). pii: e00722-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00722-20
• Pneumonia of unknown cause - China, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who. int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-ofunkown-cause-china/en/, (erişim tarihi:27.04.2020)
• Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whochina-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf, (erişim tarihi: 01.05.2020)
• Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4783
• Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):425-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4
• Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-onthe-meeting-of-the-international-healthregulations-(2005)-emergency-committeeregarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus- (2019-ncov), (erişim tarihi: 27.04.2020)
• Tang X, Wu C, Li X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
• Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5
• Tu YF, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, et al. A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7). pii: E2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072657
• Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7). pii: e00127-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
• Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
• WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/ who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-atthe-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march- 2020, (erişim tarihi: 28.04.2020)
• WHO Timeline - COVID-19, World Health Organization (WHO), https://www.who.int/ news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19, (erişim tarihi: 28.04.2020)
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease inChina. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
• Yavuz SŞ, Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):611-9. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2004-145
• Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19), T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/tr, (erişim tarihi: 30.04.2020)
• Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017