First Q Fever Endocarditis in a Turkish Child: Case Report and Literature Review
Year 2025,
Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 77 - 82, 30.08.2025
Kevser Asena Çakan Başerdem
,
Hatice Karaoğlu
,
Şilem Özdem Alataş
,
Mustafa Kır
,
Suna Asilsoy
,
Nurşen Belet
Abstract
Q fever endocarditis is rarely reported in children. Here, we present a rare case of Q fever endocarditis in a pediatric patient, along with a three-year follow-up.
A patient with a history of congenital heart disease and pulmonary prosthetic valve replacement presented with fever of unknown origin and marked splenomegaly. Indirect immunofluorescence assay detected Coxiella burnetii infection. Following the diagnosis of C. burnetii infection, the patient received long-term combination therapy with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine, resulting in complete regression of splenomegaly and no relapse during follow-up.
In children presenting with fever of unknown origin who have congenital heart disease and prosthetic valves, Q fever endocarditis should also be considered in our country, and serological tests should be promptly performed for early diagnosis. Q fever endocarditis carries a high mortality risk if left undiagnosed, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Since relapse rates are high after treatment, long-term follow-up of patients is essential.
Ethical Statement
Informed consent was obtained from the patient’s family for publication of the case.
References
-
American Academy of Pediatrics. Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection). In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, editors. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Itasca (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; p. 617-9, (2021).
-
Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier P-E, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever-United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62(RR-03):1-30.
-
Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Maraki S, et al. Case report: a case of endocarditis and embolic stroke in a child, suggestive of acute Q fever infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1435-7.
-
Cherry CC, Kersh GJ. Pediatric Q fever. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2020;22(2):7.
-
Delsing CE, Warris A, Bleeker-Rovers CP. Q fever: still more queries than answers. In: Curtis N, Finn A, Pollard AJ, editors. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VIII (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; vol. 719). p. 133-43, New York: Springer; (2011).
-
Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, et al. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115-90. doi:10.1128/CMR.00045-16.
-
Fowler VG Jr, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke–International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(4):518–526. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad195.
-
Günal Ö, Barut Ş, Ayan M, Kılıç S, Duygu F. Akut ateş yakınmasıyla başvuran hastalarda Coxiella burnetii ve Brucella seropozitifliğinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):265-72.
-
Karagul MS, Malal ME, Akar K. Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goats from the Marmara region, Turkey. J Vet Res. 2019;63(4):527-32. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0078.
-
Maltezou HC, Raoult D. Q fever in children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2(11):686-91. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00440-1.
-
Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. Lancet. 2006;367(9511):679-88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68266-4.
-
Payzin S. Epidemiological investigations on Q fever in Turkey. Bull World Health Organ. 1953;9:553-8.
-
Şimşek YS, Özbek E, Başaran S, Çelebi B, Yılmaz E, Başaran M, et al. The first case of chronic Q fever endocarditis and aortitis from Turkey: a 5-year infection before diagnosis with drain in sternum. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16(10):814-6. doi:10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7329.
-
Tunçer G, Kılıç S, Başaran S, Erdem S, Şimşek Yavuz S, Eraksoy H. Lenfoproliferatif hastalıklarla karışan bir kronik Q ateşi endokarditi olgusu. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(4):642-7.
-
Vardi A, Konikoff F, Yedgar S, et al. Immunological arousal during acute Q-fever infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(5):725-30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03496.x.
-
Vicent L, Luna R, Martínez-Sellés M. Pediatric infective endocarditis: a literature review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3217. doi:10.3390/jcm11113217.
Türk Çocuğunda İlk Q Ateşi Endokarditi: Olgu Sunumu ve Literatür İncelemesi
Year 2025,
Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 77 - 82, 30.08.2025
Kevser Asena Çakan Başerdem
,
Hatice Karaoğlu
,
Şilem Özdem Alataş
,
Mustafa Kır
,
Suna Asilsoy
,
Nurşen Belet
Abstract
Q ateşi endokarditi çocuklarda nadiren bildirilmektedir. Burada pediatrik bir hastada nadir bir Q ateşi endokarditi olgusu ve üç yıllık takibi sunulmuştur.
Nedeni bilinmeyen ateş ve belirgin splenomegali ile başvuran, özgeçmişinde konjenital kalp hastalığı ve pulmoner protez kapak replasmanı bulunan hastada, indirekt immünfloresan testi ile C. burnetii enfeksiyonu saptandı. C. burnetii tanısı konulan hastada, uzun süreli doksisiklin ve hidroksiklorokin kombinasyon tedavisi sonrası dalak boyutları tamamen geriledi ve relaps gelişmedi.
Nedeni bilinmeyen ateş tanısı ile başvuran, konjenital kalp hastalığı olan, protez kapaklı çocuklarda ülkemizde de Q ateşi endokarditi düşünülmeli ve en kısa sürede tanı için serolojik testler gönderilmelidir. Q ateşi endokarditi, tanı konulmadığında yüksek mortaliteye sahip olduğundan, erken tanı ve tedavi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Tedavi sonrası relaps oranları yüksek olması nedeniyle hastaların takip süresi uzun tutulmalıdır.
Ethical Statement
Olgunun yayınlanabilmesi için aileden bilgilendirilmiş gönüllü onam formu alınmıştır.
References
-
American Academy of Pediatrics. Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection). In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, editors. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Itasca (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; p. 617-9, (2021).
-
Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier P-E, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever-United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62(RR-03):1-30.
-
Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Maraki S, et al. Case report: a case of endocarditis and embolic stroke in a child, suggestive of acute Q fever infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1435-7.
-
Cherry CC, Kersh GJ. Pediatric Q fever. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2020;22(2):7.
-
Delsing CE, Warris A, Bleeker-Rovers CP. Q fever: still more queries than answers. In: Curtis N, Finn A, Pollard AJ, editors. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VIII (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; vol. 719). p. 133-43, New York: Springer; (2011).
-
Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, et al. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115-90. doi:10.1128/CMR.00045-16.
-
Fowler VG Jr, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke–International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(4):518–526. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad195.
-
Günal Ö, Barut Ş, Ayan M, Kılıç S, Duygu F. Akut ateş yakınmasıyla başvuran hastalarda Coxiella burnetii ve Brucella seropozitifliğinin araştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):265-72.
-
Karagul MS, Malal ME, Akar K. Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goats from the Marmara region, Turkey. J Vet Res. 2019;63(4):527-32. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0078.
-
Maltezou HC, Raoult D. Q fever in children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2(11):686-91. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00440-1.
-
Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. Lancet. 2006;367(9511):679-88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68266-4.
-
Payzin S. Epidemiological investigations on Q fever in Turkey. Bull World Health Organ. 1953;9:553-8.
-
Şimşek YS, Özbek E, Başaran S, Çelebi B, Yılmaz E, Başaran M, et al. The first case of chronic Q fever endocarditis and aortitis from Turkey: a 5-year infection before diagnosis with drain in sternum. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16(10):814-6. doi:10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7329.
-
Tunçer G, Kılıç S, Başaran S, Erdem S, Şimşek Yavuz S, Eraksoy H. Lenfoproliferatif hastalıklarla karışan bir kronik Q ateşi endokarditi olgusu. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(4):642-7.
-
Vardi A, Konikoff F, Yedgar S, et al. Immunological arousal during acute Q-fever infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(5):725-30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03496.x.
-
Vicent L, Luna R, Martínez-Sellés M. Pediatric infective endocarditis: a literature review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3217. doi:10.3390/jcm11113217.