Adipoz Dokudan Salgılanan Bir Hormon: Apelin
Year 2013,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 55 - 62, 01.04.2013
Süleyman Sandal
Suat Tekin
Abstract
Yağ doku pasif enerji deposu ve aktif metabolik bir endokrin organ olarak görev yapar. Özellikle beyaz yağ dokusu büyük ölçüde proteinsinyallerini ve adipokin adı verilen faktörleri salgılayan önemli bir endokrin organdır. Apelin adipokin ailesine yeni katılmış peptid yapıdabir hormondur. Birçok fizyolojik rol üstlenen apelin, G protein kenetli orfan apelin reseptörünün APJ endojen ligandıdır. Bu derlemeninamacı apelin ve reseptörü olan APJ’nin olası fizyolojik rollerini açıklamaktır
References
- Altunkaynak BZ, Özbek E. Yağ dokusu endokrin bir organ mıdır? Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2005; 32(4): 211-217.
- Gimble JM. Adipose tissue-derived therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3(5): 705-13.
- Wozniak S, Gee L, Wachtel M, Frezza E. Adipose Tissue: The New Endocrine Organ? A Review Article. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2009; 54(9): 1847-1856.
- Liu Y, Song CY, Wu SS, Liang QH, Yuan LQ, Liao EY. Novel adipokines and bone metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 895045.
- Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998; 251(2): 471-476.
- Katugampola S, Davenport A. Emerging roles for orphan cardiovascular system. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2003; 24(1): 30-35. receptors in the
- Reaux A, De Mota N, Skultetyova I, Lenkei Z, El Messari S, Gallatz K, Corvol P, Palkovits M, Llorens-Cortes C. Physiological role of a novel neuropeptide, apelin, and its receptor in the rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 2001; 77(4): 1085-1096.
- Tang SY, Xie H, Yuan LQ, Luo XH, Huang J, Cui RR, Zhou HD, Wu XP, Liao EY. Apelin stimulates proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 via JNK and PI3- K/Akt signaling pathways. Peptides 2007; 28(3): 708-18.
- Cayabyab M, Hinuma S, Farzan M, Choe H, Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Hosoya M, Nishimura O, Messele T, Pollakis G, Goudsmit J, Fujino M, Sodroski J. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry. Journal of Virology 2000; 74(24): 11972-11976.
- Beltowski J. Apelin and visfatin: Unique "beneficial" adipokines upregulated in obesity? Medical Science Monitor 2006; 12(6): Ra112-Ra119.
- Ladeiras-Lopes R, Ferreira-Martins J, Leite-Moreira AF. The apelinergic system: The role played in human physiology and pathology and potential therapeutic applications. Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia 2008; 90(5): 374-380.
- Medhurst AD, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Davis RP, Ellis C, Winborn KY, Lawrie KWM, Hervieu G, Riley G, Bolaky JE, Herrity NC, Murdock P, Darker JG. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the endogenous ligand apelin. Journal of Neurochemistry 2003; 84(5): 1162-1172.
- APJ receptor and its
- Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Emerging roles of apelin in Therapeutics 2005; 107(2): 198-211. Pharmacology &
- Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, Kumaki I, Zhang W, Kumano K, Fujimiya M. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regulatory Peptides 2001; 99(2-3): 87-92.
- Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Hinuma S, Nishizawa N, Kitada C, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M. Molecular properties of apelin: tissue distribution and receptor binding. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 2001; 1538(2-3): 162-171.
- Foldes G, Horkay F, Szokodi I, Vuolteenaho O, Ilves M, Lindstedt A, Mayranpaa M, Sarman B, Seres L, Skoumal R, Lako-Futo Z, deChatel R, Ruskoaho H, Toth M. Circulating and cardiac levels of apelin, the novel ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, in patients with heart failure. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003; 308(3): 480-485.
- Japp AG, Cruden NL, Amer DAB, Li VKY, Goudie EB, Johnston NR, Sharma S, Neilson I, Webb DJ, Megson IL, Flapan AD, Newby DE. Vascular effects of apelin in vivo in man. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008; 52(11): 908-913.
- Odowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A, Heng HHQ, Tsui LC, Kennedy JL, Shi XM, Petronis A, George SR, Nguyen T. A Human Gene That Shows Identity with the Gene Encoding the Angiotensin Receptor Is Located on Chromosome-11. Gene 1993; 136(1-2): 355-360.
- Habata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kawamata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Murosaki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Tatemoto K, Fujino M. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 1999; 1452(1): 25-35.
- Hosoya M, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Fujii R, Habata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Honda S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M. Molecular and functional characteristics of APJ - Tissue distribution of mRNA and interaction with the endogenous ligand apelin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000; 275(28): 21061-21067.
- Pitkin SL, Maguire JJ, Bonner TI, Davenport AP. of International Pharmacology. Nomenclature, Distribution, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacological Reviews 2010; 62(3): 331-342. Basic and Clinical Receptor LXXIV. Apelin
- Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Fan T, Kariyawasam AP, Liu Y, Osmond DH, George SR, O'Dowd BF. Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry 2000; 74(1): 34- 41.
- Devic E, Rizzoti K, Bodin S, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y. Amino acid sequence and embryonic expression of msr/apj, the mouse homolog of Xenopus X-msr and human APJ. Mechanisms of Development 1999; 84(1-2): 199-203.
- Edinger AL, Hoffman TL, Sharron M, Lee BH, Yi YJ, Choe W, Kolson DL, Mitrovic B, Zhou YQ, Faulds D, Collman RG, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R, Doms RW. An orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor expressed widely in the brain functions as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Virology 1998; 72(10): 7934-7940.
- Choe W, Albright A, Sulcove J, Jaffer S, Hesselgesser J, Lavi E, Crino P, Kolson DL. Functional expression of the seven-transmembrane HIV-1 co-receptor APJ in neural cells. Journal of Neurovirology 2000; 6: S61-S69.
- Katugampola SD, Maguire JJ, Matthewson SR, Davenport AP. [I-125]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 is a novel radioligand for localizing the APJ orphan receptor in human and rat tissues with evidence for a vasoconstrictor role in man. British Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 132(6): 1255-1260.
- Saint-Geniez M, Argence B, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y. The msr/apj gene encoding the apelin receptor is an early and specific marker of the venous phenotype in the retinal vasculature. Gene Expression Patterns 2003; 3(4): 467-472.
- Reaux A, Gallatz K, Palkovits M, Llorens-Cortes C. Distribution of apelin-synthesizing neurons in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2002; 113(3): 653-662.
- Brailoiu GC, Dun SL, Yang J, Ohsawa M, Chang JK, Dun NJ. Apelin-immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary. Neuroscience Letters 2002; 327(3): 193-197.
- Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF. Apelin: a novel neurohumoral modulator of the cardiovascular system. Pathophysiologic importance and potential use as a therapeutic target. Rev Port Cardiol 2005; 24(10): 1263-76.
- Akcilar R, Turgut S, Caner V, Akcilar A, Ayada C, Elmas L, Ozcan TO. Apelin Effects on Blood Pressure Hypertensive Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013. in DOCA-Salt-Induced
- Charles CJ, Rademaker MT, Richards AM. Apelin- 13 induces a biphasic haemodynamic response and hormonal activation in normal conscious sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 2006; 189(3): 701-710.
- Szokodi I, Tavi P, Foldes G, Voutilainen-Myllya S, Ilves M, Tokola H, Pikkarainen S, Piuhola J, Rysa J, Toth M, Ruskoaho H. Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility. Circulation Research 2002; 91(5): 434- 440.
- Kagiyama S, Fukuhara M, Matsumura K, Lin YZ, Fuji K, Iida M. Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of apelin in conscious rats. Regulatory Peptides 2005; 125(1-3): 55-59.
- Hashimoto T, Kihara M, Ishida J, Imai N, Yoshida S, Toya Y, Fukamizu A, Kitamura H, Umemura S. Apelin stimulates myosin light chain phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2006; 26(6): 1267- 1272.
- Zhong JC, Huang DY, Liu GF, Jin HY, Yang YM, Li YF, Song XH, Du K. Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on orphan receptor APJ signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovascular Research 2005; 65(3): 743-750.
- Taheri S, Murphy K, Cohen M, Sujkovic E, Kennedy A, Dhillo W, Dakin C, Sajedi A, Ghatei M, Bloom S. The effects of centrally administered apelin-13 on food intake, water intake and pituitary hormone release in rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002; 291(5): 1208-1212.
- Tobin VA, Bull PM, Arunachalam S, O'Carroll AM, Ueta Y, Ludwig M. The Effects of Apelin on the Electrical Activity of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Vasopressin Somatodendritic Peptide Release. Endocrinology 2008; 149(12): 6136-6145. Neurons and
- Wang GY, Anini Y, Wei W, Qi X, O'Carroll AM, Mochizuki T, Wang HQ, Hellmich MR, Englander EW, Greeley GH. Apelin, a new enteric peptide: Localization in the gastrointestinal tract, ontogeny, and stimulation of gastric cell proliferation and of cholecystokinin secretion. Endocrinology 2004; 145(3): 1342-1348.
- Lambrecht NWG, Yakubov I, Scott D, Sachs G. Identification of the K efflux channel coupled to the gastric Physiological Genomics 2005; 21(1): 81-91. acid secretion. D, Hewson AK, Dickson SL. Intracerebroventricular injection of apelin-13 reduces food intake in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 353(1): 1-4.
- Higuchi K, Masaki T, Gotoh K, Chiba S, Katsuragi I, Tanaka K, Kakuma T, Yoshimatsu H. Apelin, an APJ receptor ligand, regulates body adiposity and favors the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of uncoupling proteins in mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148(6): 2690-2697.
- Paternain L, de la Garza AL, Batlle MA, Milagro FI, Martinez JA, Campion J. Prenatal stress increases the obesogenic effects of a high-fat-sucrose diet in adult rats in a sex-specific manner. Stress 2012.
- Lee DK, George SR, O'Dowd BF. Unravelling the roles of the apelin system: prospective therapeutic applications in heart failure and obesity. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2006; 27(4): 190-4.
- Foresta C, Bordon P, Rossato M, Mioni R, Veldhuis JD. Specific linkages among luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone release in the peripheral blood and human spermatic vein: Evidence for both positive (feed-forward) and negative (feedback) within-axis regulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1997; 82(9): 3040-3046.
- Zhang Y. Low plasma apelin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese people. Endocrine Journal 2010; 57: S392-S392.
- Dray C, Knauf C, Daviaud D, Waget A, Boucher J, Buleon M, Cani PD, Attane C, Guigne C, Carpene C, Burcelin R, Castan-Laurell I, Valet P. Apelin Stimulates Glucose Utilization in Normal and Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice. Cell Metabolism 2008; 8(5): 437-445.
- Habata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kawamata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Murosaki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Tatemoto K, Fujino M. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1999; 1452(1): 25-35.
- Shimizu T, Kosaka N, Murayama C, Tetsuka M, Miyamoto A. Apelin and APJ receptor expression in granulosa and theca cells during different stages of follicular development in the bovine ovary: Involvement of apoptosis and hormonal regulation. Animal Reproduction Science 2009; 116(1-2): 28-37.
- Malamitsi-Puchner A, Gourgiotis D, Boutsikou M, Baka S, Hassiakos D, Briana DD. Circulating apelin concentrations in mother/infant pairs at term. Acta Paediatrica 2007; 96(12): 1751-1754.
- Hehir MP, Morrison JJ. The adipokine apelin and human uterine contractility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012; 206(4).
- Kourtis A, Gkiomisi A, Mouzaki M, Makedou K, Anastasilakis AD, Toulis KA, Gerou S, Gavana E, Agorastos T. Apelin levels in normal pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 2011; 75(3): 367-371.
- Goren K, Sagsoz N, Noyan V, Yucel A, Caglayan O, Bostancİ MS. Plasma apelin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 2011.
- Seyedabadi M, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM. Site- specific effects of apelin-13 in the rat medulla oblongata on arterial pressure and respiration. Auton Neurosci 2002; 101(1-2): 32-8.
- Andersen CU, Markvardsen LH, Hilberg O, Simonsen U. Pulmonary apelin levels and effects in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Respir Med 2009; 103(11): 1663-71 .
A Hormone Released from Adipose Tissue: Apelin
Year 2013,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 55 - 62, 01.04.2013
Süleyman Sandal
Suat Tekin
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a passive energy storage and works an active metabolic endocrine organ. Especially, white adipose tissue is an importantendocrine organ secreting factors called adipokines and a large extent of protein signals. Apelin is a peptide hormone that recently includedto the adipokine family. Apelin, is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled orphan receptors, has many physiological roles. Thepurpose of this review is to explain the possible physiological roles of the apelin/APJ receptor system
References
- Altunkaynak BZ, Özbek E. Yağ dokusu endokrin bir organ mıdır? Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2005; 32(4): 211-217.
- Gimble JM. Adipose tissue-derived therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3(5): 705-13.
- Wozniak S, Gee L, Wachtel M, Frezza E. Adipose Tissue: The New Endocrine Organ? A Review Article. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2009; 54(9): 1847-1856.
- Liu Y, Song CY, Wu SS, Liang QH, Yuan LQ, Liao EY. Novel adipokines and bone metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 895045.
- Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998; 251(2): 471-476.
- Katugampola S, Davenport A. Emerging roles for orphan cardiovascular system. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2003; 24(1): 30-35. receptors in the
- Reaux A, De Mota N, Skultetyova I, Lenkei Z, El Messari S, Gallatz K, Corvol P, Palkovits M, Llorens-Cortes C. Physiological role of a novel neuropeptide, apelin, and its receptor in the rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 2001; 77(4): 1085-1096.
- Tang SY, Xie H, Yuan LQ, Luo XH, Huang J, Cui RR, Zhou HD, Wu XP, Liao EY. Apelin stimulates proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 via JNK and PI3- K/Akt signaling pathways. Peptides 2007; 28(3): 708-18.
- Cayabyab M, Hinuma S, Farzan M, Choe H, Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Hosoya M, Nishimura O, Messele T, Pollakis G, Goudsmit J, Fujino M, Sodroski J. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry. Journal of Virology 2000; 74(24): 11972-11976.
- Beltowski J. Apelin and visfatin: Unique "beneficial" adipokines upregulated in obesity? Medical Science Monitor 2006; 12(6): Ra112-Ra119.
- Ladeiras-Lopes R, Ferreira-Martins J, Leite-Moreira AF. The apelinergic system: The role played in human physiology and pathology and potential therapeutic applications. Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia 2008; 90(5): 374-380.
- Medhurst AD, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Davis RP, Ellis C, Winborn KY, Lawrie KWM, Hervieu G, Riley G, Bolaky JE, Herrity NC, Murdock P, Darker JG. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the endogenous ligand apelin. Journal of Neurochemistry 2003; 84(5): 1162-1172.
- APJ receptor and its
- Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Emerging roles of apelin in Therapeutics 2005; 107(2): 198-211. Pharmacology &
- Tatemoto K, Takayama K, Zou MX, Kumaki I, Zhang W, Kumano K, Fujimiya M. The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regulatory Peptides 2001; 99(2-3): 87-92.
- Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Hinuma S, Nishizawa N, Kitada C, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M. Molecular properties of apelin: tissue distribution and receptor binding. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 2001; 1538(2-3): 162-171.
- Foldes G, Horkay F, Szokodi I, Vuolteenaho O, Ilves M, Lindstedt A, Mayranpaa M, Sarman B, Seres L, Skoumal R, Lako-Futo Z, deChatel R, Ruskoaho H, Toth M. Circulating and cardiac levels of apelin, the novel ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, in patients with heart failure. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003; 308(3): 480-485.
- Japp AG, Cruden NL, Amer DAB, Li VKY, Goudie EB, Johnston NR, Sharma S, Neilson I, Webb DJ, Megson IL, Flapan AD, Newby DE. Vascular effects of apelin in vivo in man. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008; 52(11): 908-913.
- Odowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A, Heng HHQ, Tsui LC, Kennedy JL, Shi XM, Petronis A, George SR, Nguyen T. A Human Gene That Shows Identity with the Gene Encoding the Angiotensin Receptor Is Located on Chromosome-11. Gene 1993; 136(1-2): 355-360.
- Habata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kawamata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Murosaki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Tatemoto K, Fujino M. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 1999; 1452(1): 25-35.
- Hosoya M, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Fujii R, Habata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Honda S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M. Molecular and functional characteristics of APJ - Tissue distribution of mRNA and interaction with the endogenous ligand apelin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000; 275(28): 21061-21067.
- Pitkin SL, Maguire JJ, Bonner TI, Davenport AP. of International Pharmacology. Nomenclature, Distribution, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacological Reviews 2010; 62(3): 331-342. Basic and Clinical Receptor LXXIV. Apelin
- Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Fan T, Kariyawasam AP, Liu Y, Osmond DH, George SR, O'Dowd BF. Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry 2000; 74(1): 34- 41.
- Devic E, Rizzoti K, Bodin S, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y. Amino acid sequence and embryonic expression of msr/apj, the mouse homolog of Xenopus X-msr and human APJ. Mechanisms of Development 1999; 84(1-2): 199-203.
- Edinger AL, Hoffman TL, Sharron M, Lee BH, Yi YJ, Choe W, Kolson DL, Mitrovic B, Zhou YQ, Faulds D, Collman RG, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R, Doms RW. An orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor expressed widely in the brain functions as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Virology 1998; 72(10): 7934-7940.
- Choe W, Albright A, Sulcove J, Jaffer S, Hesselgesser J, Lavi E, Crino P, Kolson DL. Functional expression of the seven-transmembrane HIV-1 co-receptor APJ in neural cells. Journal of Neurovirology 2000; 6: S61-S69.
- Katugampola SD, Maguire JJ, Matthewson SR, Davenport AP. [I-125]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 is a novel radioligand for localizing the APJ orphan receptor in human and rat tissues with evidence for a vasoconstrictor role in man. British Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 132(6): 1255-1260.
- Saint-Geniez M, Argence B, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y. The msr/apj gene encoding the apelin receptor is an early and specific marker of the venous phenotype in the retinal vasculature. Gene Expression Patterns 2003; 3(4): 467-472.
- Reaux A, Gallatz K, Palkovits M, Llorens-Cortes C. Distribution of apelin-synthesizing neurons in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2002; 113(3): 653-662.
- Brailoiu GC, Dun SL, Yang J, Ohsawa M, Chang JK, Dun NJ. Apelin-immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary. Neuroscience Letters 2002; 327(3): 193-197.
- Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF. Apelin: a novel neurohumoral modulator of the cardiovascular system. Pathophysiologic importance and potential use as a therapeutic target. Rev Port Cardiol 2005; 24(10): 1263-76.
- Akcilar R, Turgut S, Caner V, Akcilar A, Ayada C, Elmas L, Ozcan TO. Apelin Effects on Blood Pressure Hypertensive Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013. in DOCA-Salt-Induced
- Charles CJ, Rademaker MT, Richards AM. Apelin- 13 induces a biphasic haemodynamic response and hormonal activation in normal conscious sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 2006; 189(3): 701-710.
- Szokodi I, Tavi P, Foldes G, Voutilainen-Myllya S, Ilves M, Tokola H, Pikkarainen S, Piuhola J, Rysa J, Toth M, Ruskoaho H. Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility. Circulation Research 2002; 91(5): 434- 440.
- Kagiyama S, Fukuhara M, Matsumura K, Lin YZ, Fuji K, Iida M. Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of apelin in conscious rats. Regulatory Peptides 2005; 125(1-3): 55-59.
- Hashimoto T, Kihara M, Ishida J, Imai N, Yoshida S, Toya Y, Fukamizu A, Kitamura H, Umemura S. Apelin stimulates myosin light chain phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2006; 26(6): 1267- 1272.
- Zhong JC, Huang DY, Liu GF, Jin HY, Yang YM, Li YF, Song XH, Du K. Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on orphan receptor APJ signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovascular Research 2005; 65(3): 743-750.
- Taheri S, Murphy K, Cohen M, Sujkovic E, Kennedy A, Dhillo W, Dakin C, Sajedi A, Ghatei M, Bloom S. The effects of centrally administered apelin-13 on food intake, water intake and pituitary hormone release in rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002; 291(5): 1208-1212.
- Tobin VA, Bull PM, Arunachalam S, O'Carroll AM, Ueta Y, Ludwig M. The Effects of Apelin on the Electrical Activity of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Vasopressin Somatodendritic Peptide Release. Endocrinology 2008; 149(12): 6136-6145. Neurons and
- Wang GY, Anini Y, Wei W, Qi X, O'Carroll AM, Mochizuki T, Wang HQ, Hellmich MR, Englander EW, Greeley GH. Apelin, a new enteric peptide: Localization in the gastrointestinal tract, ontogeny, and stimulation of gastric cell proliferation and of cholecystokinin secretion. Endocrinology 2004; 145(3): 1342-1348.
- Lambrecht NWG, Yakubov I, Scott D, Sachs G. Identification of the K efflux channel coupled to the gastric Physiological Genomics 2005; 21(1): 81-91. acid secretion. D, Hewson AK, Dickson SL. Intracerebroventricular injection of apelin-13 reduces food intake in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 353(1): 1-4.
- Higuchi K, Masaki T, Gotoh K, Chiba S, Katsuragi I, Tanaka K, Kakuma T, Yoshimatsu H. Apelin, an APJ receptor ligand, regulates body adiposity and favors the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of uncoupling proteins in mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148(6): 2690-2697.
- Paternain L, de la Garza AL, Batlle MA, Milagro FI, Martinez JA, Campion J. Prenatal stress increases the obesogenic effects of a high-fat-sucrose diet in adult rats in a sex-specific manner. Stress 2012.
- Lee DK, George SR, O'Dowd BF. Unravelling the roles of the apelin system: prospective therapeutic applications in heart failure and obesity. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2006; 27(4): 190-4.
- Foresta C, Bordon P, Rossato M, Mioni R, Veldhuis JD. Specific linkages among luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone release in the peripheral blood and human spermatic vein: Evidence for both positive (feed-forward) and negative (feedback) within-axis regulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1997; 82(9): 3040-3046.
- Zhang Y. Low plasma apelin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese people. Endocrine Journal 2010; 57: S392-S392.
- Dray C, Knauf C, Daviaud D, Waget A, Boucher J, Buleon M, Cani PD, Attane C, Guigne C, Carpene C, Burcelin R, Castan-Laurell I, Valet P. Apelin Stimulates Glucose Utilization in Normal and Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice. Cell Metabolism 2008; 8(5): 437-445.
- Habata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kawamata Y, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Nishizawa N, Murosaki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Tatemoto K, Fujino M. Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1999; 1452(1): 25-35.
- Shimizu T, Kosaka N, Murayama C, Tetsuka M, Miyamoto A. Apelin and APJ receptor expression in granulosa and theca cells during different stages of follicular development in the bovine ovary: Involvement of apoptosis and hormonal regulation. Animal Reproduction Science 2009; 116(1-2): 28-37.
- Malamitsi-Puchner A, Gourgiotis D, Boutsikou M, Baka S, Hassiakos D, Briana DD. Circulating apelin concentrations in mother/infant pairs at term. Acta Paediatrica 2007; 96(12): 1751-1754.
- Hehir MP, Morrison JJ. The adipokine apelin and human uterine contractility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012; 206(4).
- Kourtis A, Gkiomisi A, Mouzaki M, Makedou K, Anastasilakis AD, Toulis KA, Gerou S, Gavana E, Agorastos T. Apelin levels in normal pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 2011; 75(3): 367-371.
- Goren K, Sagsoz N, Noyan V, Yucel A, Caglayan O, Bostancİ MS. Plasma apelin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 2011.
- Seyedabadi M, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM. Site- specific effects of apelin-13 in the rat medulla oblongata on arterial pressure and respiration. Auton Neurosci 2002; 101(1-2): 32-8.
- Andersen CU, Markvardsen LH, Hilberg O, Simonsen U. Pulmonary apelin levels and effects in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Respir Med 2009; 103(11): 1663-71 .