Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik

Büşra Özmen; İbrahim Doğan

EN TR

Follicular Dynamics in Mares

Öz

The limited breeding season of horses makes it extremely important for breeding mares to conceive at the beginning of the breeding season. Imaging of the ovaries by ultrasonography in mares has shed light on the understanding of follicular dynamics. Follicle waves occur periodically in the ovaries of mares, but today this mechanism is still not fully elucidated. Follicular dynamic is the process of continuous growth and regression of antral follicles. In the estrus cycle, one wave of follicles occurs in ponies and two in thoroughbred and sport horses. Follicle waves in mares are divided into major and minor wave, in which the dominant and subordinate follicles develop. Only in major waves can the largest follicle reach the preovulator diameter. In addition, the major wave is divided into four distinct phases as common growth, selection, dominance, ovulation or atresia. The common growth phase is the process by which the follicles, which are usually 6 mm in diameter, continue to grow and develop. This stage lasts until the selection phase, when only one follicle continues to grow and the others have atresia. FSH stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries and exerts its effect thanks to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Luteinizing hormone (LH), which rises approximately 24-48 hours before the end of estrus, induces ovulation in the preovulator follicle with a peak average diameter of 45-50 mm. Monitoring follicle development in the ovaries with ultrasonography; diagnosis and treatment of reproductive problems, new perspective on reproductive biotechnological methods and control of reproduction has created great opportunities. In this review, first of all, the reproductive physiology of mares is mentioned and then information about follicular dynamics is given.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Follicular wave, follicular development, FSH, IGF-I, mare

Proje Numarası

Proje Değil

Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik

Öz

Atların sınırlı üreme sezonu, damızlık kısrakların üreme sezonunun başında gebe kalmalarını son derece önemli kılar. Kısraklarda ultrasonografiyle overlerin görüntülenmesi, foliküler dinamiğinin anlaşılmasına ışık tutmuştur. Kısrakların overlerinde folikül dalgaları periyodik olarak meydana gelirler, ancak günümüzde bu mekanizma hala tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Foliküler dinamik, antral foliküllerin sürekli olarak büyümesi ve regresyon sürecidir. Östrus siklusunda ponilerde bir, safkan ve spor atlarında ise iki folikül dalgası oluşur. Kısraklarda folikül dalgaları dominant ve subordinat foliküllerin geliştiği majör ve minör dalga olarak ikiye ayrılır. Yalnızca majör dalgalarda en büyük folikül, preovulatör çapa ulaşabilir. Ayrıca majör dalga, kendi içinde ortak büyüme, seleksiyon-deviyasyon, dominantlık, ovulasyon ya da atrezi olarak dört ayrı evreye ayrılır. Ortak büyüme evresi, genellikle 6 mm çapında olan foliküllerin büyümeye ve gelişmeye devam ettiği süreçtir. Bu evre, sadece bir folikülün büyümeye devam ettiği ve diğerlerinin atrezi olduğu seleksiyon evresine kadar sürer. FSH, overlerde foliküllerin büyümesini uyarır ve etkisini insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-1 (IGF-1) sayesinde gerçekleştirir. Östrusun sonlanmasından yaklaşık 24-48 saat önce yükselen luteinleştirici hormon (LH), piki ortalama 45-50 mm çapındaki preovulatör folikülde ovulasyonu indükler. Ultrasonografiyle overlerde folikül gelişiminin izlenmesi; reprodüktif sorunların teşhis ve tedavisi, reprodüktif biyoteknolojik yöntemlere yeni bakış açısı ve üremenin kontrol edilmesine büyük fırsatlar yaratmıştır. Bu derlemede, öncelikle kısrakların üreme fizyolojisine değinilmiş ve daha sonra foliküler dinamik hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Foliküler dalga, foliküler gelişim, FSH, IGF-I, kısrak

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen Kurum Yok

Proje Numarası

Proje Değil

Etik Beyan

Etik Beyan Gerekmiyor

Teşekkür

Teşekkür Yok

Kaynakça

Abdelnaby, E. A., Abo El-Maaty, A. M., Ragab, R. S. A., & Seida, A. A. (2018). Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology, 121, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003
Alves, B. G., Alves, K. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Figueiredo, J. R., & Gastal, E. L. (2019). Equine preantral follicle population and density. San Jose, CA, USA: 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR) (abstract) P26.
Aurich, C. (2011). Reproductive cycles of horses. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3–4), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.005
Ball, B. A., El-Sheikh Ali, H., Scoggin, K. E., Riddle, W. T., Schnobrich, M., Bradekamp, E., Agnew, M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. T. (2019). Relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone and fertility in the mare. Theriogenology, 125, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.005
Beg, M. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2006). Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 132(3), 365-377. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01233
Cabeza, J. P., & Gambini, A. (2023). Advancements and challenges in in vitro reproductive technologies for the conservation of equine species. Theriogenology Wild, 2, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100036
Canisso, I. F., Ball, B. A., Cray, C., Williams, N. M., Scoggin, K. E., Davolli, G. M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. (2014). Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12278
Checura, C. M., Beg, M. A., Parrish, J. J., & Ginther, O. J. (2010). Positive effect of FSH but not LH on early development of the dominant follicle in mares. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development, 22(7), 1092-1099. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD09275
Coelho, L. A., Silva, L. A., Reway, A. P., Buonfiglio, D. D. C., Andrade-Silva, J., Gomes, P. R. L., & Cipolla-Neto, J. (2023). Seasonal Variation of Melatonin Concentration and mRNA Expression of Melatonin-Related Genes in Developing Ovarian Follicles of Mares Kept under Natural Photoperiods in the Southern Hemisphere. Animals, 13(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1306106
Cortes-Vidauri, Z., Arechiga-Flores, C., Rincon-Delgado, M., Lopez-Carlos, M., & Flores-Flores, G. (2018). Revisión: El Ciclo Reproductivo de la Yegua. Abanico Veterinario, 8(3), 14-41. https://doi.org/10.21929/abavet2018.83.1

Çevik, M., Ergin, O., & Esin, B. (2022). Effects of a single dose HCG administration on the induction of ovulation, follicular dynamics, uterine changes and pregnancy outcomes in mares during the breeding season. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 52(2), 259-265.
Daels, P. F., & Hughes, J. P. (1993). The Normal Estrous Cycle. In A. O. Mc Kinnon & J. L. Voss (Eds.), Equine Reproduction (pp. 121–132). Lae&Febiger.
Donadeu, F. X., & Ginther, O. J. (2001). Effect of number and diameter of follicles on plasma concentrations of inhibin and FSH in mares. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 121(6), 897-903.
Duval, L. H., Rechsteiner, S. M. F., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Mattos, R. C., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Ovarian and Uterine Dynamics During the Estrous Cycle in Criollo Breed Mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 118, 104131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104131
Ferreira, J. R. de M., Villela, S. B., Bianconi, C., Ormieres, M., de Melo, G. D., Pugliesi, G., & Gobesso, A. A. de O. (2021). Uterine Involution of Mares Supplemented with Dietary Algae-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids During the Peripartum Period. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 106, 103733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103733
Gastal, E. L., Aguiar, F. L. N., Gastal, G. D. A., Alves, K. A., Alves, B. G., & Figueiredo, J. R. (2020). Harvesting, processing, and evaluation of in vitro-manipulated equine preantral follicles: A review. Theriogenology, 156, 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.044
Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Beg, M. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2004). Interrelationships among follicles during the common-growth phase of a follicular wave and capacity of individual follicles for dominance in mares. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 128(4), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00259
Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Bergfelt, D. R., & Ginther, O. J. (1997). Role of diameter differences among follicles in selection of a future dominant follicle in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 57(6), 1320-1327. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod57.6.1320
Gastal, E. L., Pastorello, M., Godoi, D. B., & Gastal, M. O. (2021). Reproductive patterns and follicular waves in postpartum lactating versus non-postpartum cycling mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 107, 103732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103732
Ginther, O. J. (1990). Folliculogenesis during the transitional period and early ovulatory season in mares. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 90(1), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0900311
Ginther, O. J. (1993). Major and Minor Follicular waves During the Equine Estrous Cycle. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 13(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(07)80012-8
Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., & Beg, M. A. (2008). Dynamics of the Equine Preovulatory Follicle and Periovulatory Hormones: What’s New? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 28(8), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2008.07.008
Ginther, O. J. (2017). Systemic and intrafollicular components of follicle selection in mares. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 59, 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.12.005
Ginther, O. J. (2018). Spontaneous switching of future dominance to a smaller follicle: commonality among monovular species†. Biology of Reproduction, 99(6), 1129-1136. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy151
Ginther, O. J. (2019). Intraovarian spatial and vascular harmony between follicles and corpus luteum in monovulatory heifers, mares, and women. Theriogenology, 128, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.019
Ginther, O. J. (2023a). Contributions to Mare Reproduction Research by the Ginther Team. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 126, 104295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104295
Ginther, O. J. (2023b). Follicle Selection in Mares as a Model for Illustrating the Many Hormonal and Biochemical Interactions That Drive a Single Physiological Mechanism. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 121, 104196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104196
Ginther, O. J., Beg, M. A., Donadeu, F. X., & Bergfelt, D. R. (2003). Mechanism of follicle deviation in monovular farm species. Animal Reproduction Science, 78(3-4), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00093-9
Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., & Beg, M. A. (2004a). Critical role of insulin-like growth factor system in follicle selection and dominance in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 70(5), 1374-1379. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.026195
Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Bergfelt, D. R., Baerwald, A. R., & Pierson, R. A. (2004b). Comparative study of the dynamics of follicular waves in mares and women. Biology of Reproduction, 71(4), 1195-1201. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.031054
Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Checura, C. M., & Beg, M. A. (2004c). Dose-response study of intrafollicular injection of insulin-like growth factor-I on follicular fluid factors and follicle dominance in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 70(4), 1063-1069. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.024844
Ginther OJ. (1992). Reproductive Biology of the Mare: Basic and Applied Aspects (2nd bs), (pp.105-121). Cross Plains WI: Equineservices.
Godoi, D. B., Gastal, E. L., & Gastal, M. O. (2002). A comparative study of follicular dynamics between lactating and non-lactating mares: effect of the body condition. Theriogenolgy, 58(2-4), 553-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00851-8
Gomez-León, V. E., Ginther, O. J., Domingues, R. R., Guimarães, J. D., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2020). Necessity for LH in selection and continued growth of the bovine dominant follicle. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 159(5), 559-569. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-19-0342
Goncalves, G. R., Morotti, F., Colombo, A. H. B., Bonato, D. V., Bizarro-Silva, C., Rosa, C. O., Cavalieri, F. L. B., & Seneda, M. M. (2020). Influence of age and ovarian antral follicle count on the reproductive characteristics of embryo donor mares. Veterinary Record, 186(17), 564. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105526
Houssou, H., Bouzebda-Afri, F., Bouzebda, Z., & Haddouche, Z. (2021). Hormonal Levels and Follicular Dynamics in Relation to the Oestrous Cycle in Barb and Arabian Mares, Algeria. Folia Veterinaria, 65(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2478/fv-2021-0011
Hyde, K. A., Aguiar, F. L. N., Alves, B. G., Alves, K. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Preantral follicle population and distribution in the horse ovary. Reproduction and Fertility, 3(2), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0100
Irvine, C. H., & Alexander, S. L. (1997). Patterns of secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH during the postovulatory period in mares: mechanisms prolonging the LH surge. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 109(2), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1090263
Ishak, G. M., Dutra, G. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Elcombe, M. E., Gastal, M. O., Park, S. B., Feugang, J. M., & Gastal, E. L. (2020). Deficiency in proliferative, angiogenic, and LH receptors in the follicle wall: implications of season toward the anovulatory condition. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 70, 106382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.07.010
Kelley, D. E., Gibbons, J. R., Smith, R., Vernon, K. L., Pratt-Phillip, S. E., & Mortensen, C. J. (2011). Exercise affects both ovarian follicular dynamics and hormone concentrations in mares. Theriogenology, 76(4), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.014
Maia, V. N., Batista, A. M., Cunha Neto, S., Silva, D. M. F., & Wischral, A. (2022). Ultrassonografia Doppler de corpos lúteos em éguas com ovulação induzida. Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE), 16(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v16n1-3577
Martinez-Chequer, J. C., Stouffer, R. L., Hazzard, T. M., Patton, P. E., & Molskness, T. A. (2003). Insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2, but not hypoxia, synergize with gonadotropin hormone to promote vascular endothelial growth factor-A secretion by monkey granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 68(4), 1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.011155
Mazerbourg, S., Zapf, J., Bar, R. S., Brigstock, D. R., & Monget, P. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 proteolytic degradation in bovine, equine, and porcine preovulatory follicles: regulation by IGFs and heparin-binding domain-containing peptides. Biology of Reproduction, 63(2), 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod63.2.390
Nagy, P., Guillaume, D., & Daels, P. (2000). Seasonality in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00133-0
Pastorello, M., Gastal, M. O., Godoi, D. B., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Emergence and selection of the dominant follicle and gonadotropin dynamics in postpartum lactating versus non-postpartum cycling mares. Reproductive Biology, 22(2), 100618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100618
Patricia, L. S. (2018). Reproductive Cycle in Horses. In: MSD Manual Veterinary Manual. New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-horses/the-reproductive-cycle-of-horses.
Raz, T., &Aharonson-Raz, K. (2012). Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in the mare. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 67(1), 11-18.
Rocha, C. E., de Carvalho, E. da C., de Castro, F. C. G. S., Xavier, I. L. G. de S., Young, R. J., Palhares, M. S., da Silva Filho, J. M., Carvalho, R. R., Vasconcellos, A. da S., & Valle, G. R. (2020). Is mare sexual behavior affected by age and can it predict ovulation? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 224, 104937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104937
Satué, K., Calvo, A., Muñoz, A., Fazio, E., & Medica, P. (2021). Interrelationship between reproductive hormones and acute phase proteins during estrous cycle and pregnancy in Spanish purebred broodmares. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14, 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100212
Satué, K., Fazio, E., & Medica, P. (2023). Estrogen-iron axis in cyclic mares: Effect of age. Theriogenology, 209, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.06.027
Segabinazzi, L. G. T. M., Gilbert, R. O., Ambrosia, R. L., Bergfelt, D. R., Samper, J. C., Peterson, E. W., & French, H. M. (2022). Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Ovary and Uterus during the Estrous Cycle in Donkeys in the Eastern Caribbean. Animals, 13(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010074
Spencer, K. M., Podico, G., Megahed, A. A., Jones, K. L., Bittar, J. H. J., & Canisso, I. F. (2022). Ovulatory response to GnRH agonist during early and late fall in mares. Theriogenology, 185, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.003
Spicer, L. J., & Echternkamp, S. E. (1995). The ovarian insulin and insulin-like growth factor system with an emphasis on domestic animals. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 12(3), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(95)00021-6
Stachurska, A., Kędzierski, W., Kaczmarek, B., Wiśniewska, A., Żylińska, B., & Janczarek, I. (2023). Variation of Physiological and Behavioural Parameters during the Oestrous Cycle in Mares. Animals, 13(2), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020211
Tabatabaei, S., Asghari, M., Moghadam, M., Mamouei, K., & Mirzadeh, A. (2014). Hormonal profile of ovarian follicular fluid and blood plasma during different stages of oestrous cycle in Holstein cattle. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4(2), 263-268.
Tazawa, S. P., Gastal, M. O., Silva, L. A., Evans, M. J., & Gastal, E. L. (2017). Preovulatory Follicle Dynamics, and Ovulatory and Endometrial Responses to Different Doses of hCG and Prediction of Ovulation in Mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 56, 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04.008
Teixeira, A. C. B., Valle, G. R., Riveros, J. A. N., Diniz, J. H. W., Wenceslau, R. R., Monteiro, G. A., Leme, F. de O. P., & Oliveira, L. Z. (2020). Effects of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulatory and Luteal Characteristics of Mares Submitted to an P4-Based Protocol of Ovulation Induction With hCG. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 94, 103233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103233
Wischral, A., Pastorello, M., Gastal, M. O., Beg, M. A., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Hemodynamic, endocrine, and gene expression mechanisms regulating equine ovarian follicular and cellular development. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 89(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23549
Yoon, M. J. (2012). The Estrous Cycle and Induction of Ovulation in Mares. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 54(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2012.54.3.165

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Büşra Özmen
0009-0004-2970-7277
Türkiye

İbrahim Doğan ^*
0000-0003-1976-1814
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Aralık 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

3 Ekim 2023

Kabul Tarihi

2 Kasım 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX

APA

Özmen, B., & Doğan, İ. (2023). Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 68-75. https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX

AMA

1.Özmen B, Doğan İ. Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;2(2):68-75. https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX

Chicago

Özmen, Büşra, ve İbrahim Doğan. 2023. “Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik”. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 2 (2): 68-75. https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX.

EndNote

Özmen B, Doğan İ (01 Aralık 2023) Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 2 2 68–75.

IEEE

[1]B. Özmen ve İ. Doğan, “Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik”, Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 2, sy 2, ss. 68–75, Ara. 2023, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX

ISNAD

Özmen, Büşra - Doğan, İbrahim. “Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik”. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 2/2 (01 Aralık 2023): 68-75. https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX.

JAMA

1.Özmen B, Doğan İ. Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;2:68–75.

MLA

Özmen, Büşra, ve İbrahim Doğan. “Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik”. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 2, sy 2, Aralık 2023, ss. 68-75, https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX.

Vancouver

1.Büşra Özmen, İbrahim Doğan. Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Aralık 2023;2(2):68-75. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA92AE82LX

Follicular Dynamics in Mares

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Proje Numarası

Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Etik Beyan

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

IZ

Kaynak Göster