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Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 68 - 75, 30.12.2023

Öz

Atların sınırlı üreme sezonu, damızlık kısrakların üreme sezonunun başında gebe kalmalarını son derece önemli kılar. Kısraklarda ultrasonografiyle overlerin görüntülenmesi, foliküler dinamiğinin anlaşılmasına ışık tutmuştur. Kısrakların overlerinde folikül dalgaları periyodik olarak meydana gelirler, ancak günümüzde bu mekanizma hala tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Foliküler dinamik, antral foliküllerin sürekli olarak büyümesi ve regresyon sürecidir. Östrus siklusunda ponilerde bir, safkan ve spor atlarında ise iki folikül dalgası oluşur. Kısraklarda folikül dalgaları dominant ve subordinat foliküllerin geliştiği majör ve minör dalga olarak ikiye ayrılır. Yalnızca majör dalgalarda en büyük folikül, preovulatör çapa ulaşabilir. Ayrıca majör dalga, kendi içinde ortak büyüme, seleksiyon-deviyasyon, dominantlık, ovulasyon ya da atrezi olarak dört ayrı evreye ayrılır. Ortak büyüme evresi, genellikle 6 mm çapında olan foliküllerin büyümeye ve gelişmeye devam ettiği süreçtir. Bu evre, sadece bir folikülün büyümeye devam ettiği ve diğerlerinin atrezi olduğu seleksiyon evresine kadar sürer. FSH, overlerde foliküllerin büyümesini uyarır ve etkisini insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-1 (IGF-1) sayesinde gerçekleştirir. Östrusun sonlanmasından yaklaşık 24-48 saat önce yükselen luteinleştirici hormon (LH), piki ortalama 45-50 mm çapındaki preovulatör folikülde ovulasyonu indükler. Ultrasonografiyle overlerde folikül gelişiminin izlenmesi; reprodüktif sorunların teşhis ve tedavisi, reprodüktif biyoteknolojik yöntemlere yeni bakış açısı ve üremenin kontrol edilmesine büyük fırsatlar yaratmıştır. Bu derlemede, öncelikle kısrakların üreme fizyolojisine değinilmiş ve daha sonra foliküler dinamik hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

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  • Abdelnaby, E. A., Abo El-Maaty, A. M., Ragab, R. S. A., & Seida, A. A. (2018). Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology, 121, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003
  • Alves, B. G., Alves, K. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Figueiredo, J. R., & Gastal, E. L. (2019). Equine preantral follicle population and density. San Jose, CA, USA: 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR) (abstract) P26.
  • Aurich, C. (2011). Reproductive cycles of horses. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3–4), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.005
  • Ball, B. A., El-Sheikh Ali, H., Scoggin, K. E., Riddle, W. T., Schnobrich, M., Bradekamp, E., Agnew, M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. T. (2019). Relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone and fertility in the mare. Theriogenology, 125, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.005
  • Beg, M. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2006). Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 132(3), 365-377. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01233
  • Cabeza, J. P., & Gambini, A. (2023). Advancements and challenges in in vitro reproductive technologies for the conservation of equine species. Theriogenology Wild, 2, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100036
  • Canisso, I. F., Ball, B. A., Cray, C., Williams, N. M., Scoggin, K. E., Davolli, G. M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. (2014). Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12278
  • Checura, C. M., Beg, M. A., Parrish, J. J., & Ginther, O. J. (2010). Positive effect of FSH but not LH on early development of the dominant follicle in mares. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development, 22(7), 1092-1099. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD09275
  • Coelho, L. A., Silva, L. A., Reway, A. P., Buonfiglio, D. D. C., Andrade-Silva, J., Gomes, P. R. L., & Cipolla-Neto, J. (2023). Seasonal Variation of Melatonin Concentration and mRNA Expression of Melatonin-Related Genes in Developing Ovarian Follicles of Mares Kept under Natural Photoperiods in the Southern Hemisphere. Animals, 13(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1306106
  • Cortes-Vidauri, Z., Arechiga-Flores, C., Rincon-Delgado, M., Lopez-Carlos, M., & Flores-Flores, G. (2018). Revisión: El Ciclo Reproductivo de la Yegua. Abanico Veterinario, 8(3), 14-41. https://doi.org/10.21929/abavet2018.83.1
  • Çevik, M., Ergin, O., & Esin, B. (2022). Effects of a single dose HCG administration on the induction of ovulation, follicular dynamics, uterine changes and pregnancy outcomes in mares during the breeding season. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 52(2), 259-265.
  • Daels, P. F., & Hughes, J. P. (1993). The Normal Estrous Cycle. In A. O. Mc Kinnon & J. L. Voss (Eds.), Equine Reproduction (pp. 121–132). Lae&Febiger.
  • Donadeu, F. X., & Ginther, O. J. (2001). Effect of number and diameter of follicles on plasma concentrations of inhibin and FSH in mares. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 121(6), 897-903.
  • Duval, L. H., Rechsteiner, S. M. F., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Mattos, R. C., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Ovarian and Uterine Dynamics During the Estrous Cycle in Criollo Breed Mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 118, 104131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104131
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Follicular Dynamics in Mares

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 68 - 75, 30.12.2023

Öz

The limited breeding season of horses makes it extremely important for breeding mares to conceive at the beginning of the breeding season. Imaging of the ovaries by ultrasonography in mares has shed light on the understanding of follicular dynamics. Follicle waves occur periodically in the ovaries of mares, but today this mechanism is still not fully elucidated. Follicular dynamic is the process of continuous growth and regression of antral follicles. In the estrus cycle, one wave of follicles occurs in ponies and two in thoroughbred and sport horses. Follicle waves in mares are divided into major and minor wave, in which the dominant and subordinate follicles develop. Only in major waves can the largest follicle reach the preovulator diameter. In addition, the major wave is divided into four distinct phases as common growth, selection, dominance, ovulation or atresia. The common growth phase is the process by which the follicles, which are usually 6 mm in diameter, continue to grow and develop. This stage lasts until the selection phase, when only one follicle continues to grow and the others have atresia. FSH stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries and exerts its effect thanks to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Luteinizing hormone (LH), which rises approximately 24-48 hours before the end of estrus, induces ovulation in the preovulator follicle with a peak average diameter of 45-50 mm. Monitoring follicle development in the ovaries with ultrasonography; diagnosis and treatment of reproductive problems, new perspective on reproductive biotechnological methods and control of reproduction has created great opportunities. In this review, first of all, the reproductive physiology of mares is mentioned and then information about follicular dynamics is given.

Proje Numarası

Proje Değil

Kaynakça

  • Abdelnaby, E. A., Abo El-Maaty, A. M., Ragab, R. S. A., & Seida, A. A. (2018). Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology, 121, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003
  • Alves, B. G., Alves, K. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Figueiredo, J. R., & Gastal, E. L. (2019). Equine preantral follicle population and density. San Jose, CA, USA: 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR) (abstract) P26.
  • Aurich, C. (2011). Reproductive cycles of horses. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3–4), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.005
  • Ball, B. A., El-Sheikh Ali, H., Scoggin, K. E., Riddle, W. T., Schnobrich, M., Bradekamp, E., Agnew, M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. T. (2019). Relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone and fertility in the mare. Theriogenology, 125, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.005
  • Beg, M. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2006). Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 132(3), 365-377. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01233
  • Cabeza, J. P., & Gambini, A. (2023). Advancements and challenges in in vitro reproductive technologies for the conservation of equine species. Theriogenology Wild, 2, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100036
  • Canisso, I. F., Ball, B. A., Cray, C., Williams, N. M., Scoggin, K. E., Davolli, G. M., Squires, E. L., & Troedsson, M. H. (2014). Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12278
  • Checura, C. M., Beg, M. A., Parrish, J. J., & Ginther, O. J. (2010). Positive effect of FSH but not LH on early development of the dominant follicle in mares. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development, 22(7), 1092-1099. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD09275
  • Coelho, L. A., Silva, L. A., Reway, A. P., Buonfiglio, D. D. C., Andrade-Silva, J., Gomes, P. R. L., & Cipolla-Neto, J. (2023). Seasonal Variation of Melatonin Concentration and mRNA Expression of Melatonin-Related Genes in Developing Ovarian Follicles of Mares Kept under Natural Photoperiods in the Southern Hemisphere. Animals, 13(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1306106
  • Cortes-Vidauri, Z., Arechiga-Flores, C., Rincon-Delgado, M., Lopez-Carlos, M., & Flores-Flores, G. (2018). Revisión: El Ciclo Reproductivo de la Yegua. Abanico Veterinario, 8(3), 14-41. https://doi.org/10.21929/abavet2018.83.1
  • Çevik, M., Ergin, O., & Esin, B. (2022). Effects of a single dose HCG administration on the induction of ovulation, follicular dynamics, uterine changes and pregnancy outcomes in mares during the breeding season. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 52(2), 259-265.
  • Daels, P. F., & Hughes, J. P. (1993). The Normal Estrous Cycle. In A. O. Mc Kinnon & J. L. Voss (Eds.), Equine Reproduction (pp. 121–132). Lae&Febiger.
  • Donadeu, F. X., & Ginther, O. J. (2001). Effect of number and diameter of follicles on plasma concentrations of inhibin and FSH in mares. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 121(6), 897-903.
  • Duval, L. H., Rechsteiner, S. M. F., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., Mattos, R. C., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Ovarian and Uterine Dynamics During the Estrous Cycle in Criollo Breed Mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 118, 104131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104131
  • Ferreira, J. R. de M., Villela, S. B., Bianconi, C., Ormieres, M., de Melo, G. D., Pugliesi, G., & Gobesso, A. A. de O. (2021). Uterine Involution of Mares Supplemented with Dietary Algae-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids During the Peripartum Period. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 106, 103733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103733
  • Gastal, E. L., Aguiar, F. L. N., Gastal, G. D. A., Alves, K. A., Alves, B. G., & Figueiredo, J. R. (2020). Harvesting, processing, and evaluation of in vitro-manipulated equine preantral follicles: A review. Theriogenology, 156, 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.044
  • Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Beg, M. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2004). Interrelationships among follicles during the common-growth phase of a follicular wave and capacity of individual follicles for dominance in mares. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 128(4), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00259
  • Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Bergfelt, D. R., & Ginther, O. J. (1997). Role of diameter differences among follicles in selection of a future dominant follicle in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 57(6), 1320-1327. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod57.6.1320
  • Gastal, E. L., Pastorello, M., Godoi, D. B., & Gastal, M. O. (2021). Reproductive patterns and follicular waves in postpartum lactating versus non-postpartum cycling mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 107, 103732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103732
  • Ginther, O. J. (1990). Folliculogenesis during the transitional period and early ovulatory season in mares. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 90(1), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0900311
  • Ginther, O. J. (1993). Major and Minor Follicular waves During the Equine Estrous Cycle. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 13(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(07)80012-8
  • Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., & Beg, M. A. (2008). Dynamics of the Equine Preovulatory Follicle and Periovulatory Hormones: What’s New? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 28(8), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2008.07.008
  • Ginther, O. J. (2017). Systemic and intrafollicular components of follicle selection in mares. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 59, 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.12.005
  • Ginther, O. J. (2018). Spontaneous switching of future dominance to a smaller follicle: commonality among monovular species†. Biology of Reproduction, 99(6), 1129-1136. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy151
  • Ginther, O. J. (2019). Intraovarian spatial and vascular harmony between follicles and corpus luteum in monovulatory heifers, mares, and women. Theriogenology, 128, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.019
  • Ginther, O. J. (2023a). Contributions to Mare Reproduction Research by the Ginther Team. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 126, 104295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104295
  • Ginther, O. J. (2023b). Follicle Selection in Mares as a Model for Illustrating the Many Hormonal and Biochemical Interactions That Drive a Single Physiological Mechanism. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 121, 104196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104196
  • Ginther, O. J., Beg, M. A., Donadeu, F. X., & Bergfelt, D. R. (2003). Mechanism of follicle deviation in monovular farm species. Animal Reproduction Science, 78(3-4), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00093-9
  • Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., & Beg, M. A. (2004a). Critical role of insulin-like growth factor system in follicle selection and dominance in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 70(5), 1374-1379. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.026195
  • Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Bergfelt, D. R., Baerwald, A. R., & Pierson, R. A. (2004b). Comparative study of the dynamics of follicular waves in mares and women. Biology of Reproduction, 71(4), 1195-1201. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.031054
  • Ginther, O. J., Gastal, E. L., Gastal, M. O., Checura, C. M., & Beg, M. A. (2004c). Dose-response study of intrafollicular injection of insulin-like growth factor-I on follicular fluid factors and follicle dominance in mares. Biology of Reproduction, 70(4), 1063-1069. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.024844
  • Ginther OJ. (1992). Reproductive Biology of the Mare: Basic and Applied Aspects (2nd bs), (pp.105-121). Cross Plains WI: Equineservices.
  • Godoi, D. B., Gastal, E. L., & Gastal, M. O. (2002). A comparative study of follicular dynamics between lactating and non-lactating mares: effect of the body condition. Theriogenolgy, 58(2-4), 553-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00851-8
  • Gomez-León, V. E., Ginther, O. J., Domingues, R. R., Guimarães, J. D., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2020). Necessity for LH in selection and continued growth of the bovine dominant follicle. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 159(5), 559-569. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-19-0342
  • Goncalves, G. R., Morotti, F., Colombo, A. H. B., Bonato, D. V., Bizarro-Silva, C., Rosa, C. O., Cavalieri, F. L. B., & Seneda, M. M. (2020). Influence of age and ovarian antral follicle count on the reproductive characteristics of embryo donor mares. Veterinary Record, 186(17), 564. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105526
  • Houssou, H., Bouzebda-Afri, F., Bouzebda, Z., & Haddouche, Z. (2021). Hormonal Levels and Follicular Dynamics in Relation to the Oestrous Cycle in Barb and Arabian Mares, Algeria. Folia Veterinaria, 65(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2478/fv-2021-0011
  • Hyde, K. A., Aguiar, F. L. N., Alves, B. G., Alves, K. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Gastal, M. O., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Preantral follicle population and distribution in the horse ovary. Reproduction and Fertility, 3(2), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0100
  • Irvine, C. H., & Alexander, S. L. (1997). Patterns of secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH during the postovulatory period in mares: mechanisms prolonging the LH surge. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 109(2), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1090263
  • Ishak, G. M., Dutra, G. A., Gastal, G. D. A., Elcombe, M. E., Gastal, M. O., Park, S. B., Feugang, J. M., & Gastal, E. L. (2020). Deficiency in proliferative, angiogenic, and LH receptors in the follicle wall: implications of season toward the anovulatory condition. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 70, 106382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.07.010
  • Kelley, D. E., Gibbons, J. R., Smith, R., Vernon, K. L., Pratt-Phillip, S. E., & Mortensen, C. J. (2011). Exercise affects both ovarian follicular dynamics and hormone concentrations in mares. Theriogenology, 76(4), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.014
  • Maia, V. N., Batista, A. M., Cunha Neto, S., Silva, D. M. F., & Wischral, A. (2022). Ultrassonografia Doppler de corpos lúteos em éguas com ovulação induzida. Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE), 16(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v16n1-3577
  • Martinez-Chequer, J. C., Stouffer, R. L., Hazzard, T. M., Patton, P. E., & Molskness, T. A. (2003). Insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2, but not hypoxia, synergize with gonadotropin hormone to promote vascular endothelial growth factor-A secretion by monkey granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 68(4), 1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.011155
  • Mazerbourg, S., Zapf, J., Bar, R. S., Brigstock, D. R., & Monget, P. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 proteolytic degradation in bovine, equine, and porcine preovulatory follicles: regulation by IGFs and heparin-binding domain-containing peptides. Biology of Reproduction, 63(2), 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod63.2.390
  • Nagy, P., Guillaume, D., & Daels, P. (2000). Seasonality in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00133-0
  • Pastorello, M., Gastal, M. O., Godoi, D. B., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Emergence and selection of the dominant follicle and gonadotropin dynamics in postpartum lactating versus non-postpartum cycling mares. Reproductive Biology, 22(2), 100618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100618
  • Patricia, L. S. (2018). Reproductive Cycle in Horses. In: MSD Manual Veterinary Manual. New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-horses/the-reproductive-cycle-of-horses.
  • Raz, T., &Aharonson-Raz, K. (2012). Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in the mare. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 67(1), 11-18.
  • Rocha, C. E., de Carvalho, E. da C., de Castro, F. C. G. S., Xavier, I. L. G. de S., Young, R. J., Palhares, M. S., da Silva Filho, J. M., Carvalho, R. R., Vasconcellos, A. da S., & Valle, G. R. (2020). Is mare sexual behavior affected by age and can it predict ovulation? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 224, 104937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104937
  • Satué, K., Calvo, A., Muñoz, A., Fazio, E., & Medica, P. (2021). Interrelationship between reproductive hormones and acute phase proteins during estrous cycle and pregnancy in Spanish purebred broodmares. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14, 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100212
  • Satué, K., Fazio, E., & Medica, P. (2023). Estrogen-iron axis in cyclic mares: Effect of age. Theriogenology, 209, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.06.027
  • Segabinazzi, L. G. T. M., Gilbert, R. O., Ambrosia, R. L., Bergfelt, D. R., Samper, J. C., Peterson, E. W., & French, H. M. (2022). Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Ovary and Uterus during the Estrous Cycle in Donkeys in the Eastern Caribbean. Animals, 13(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010074
  • Spencer, K. M., Podico, G., Megahed, A. A., Jones, K. L., Bittar, J. H. J., & Canisso, I. F. (2022). Ovulatory response to GnRH agonist during early and late fall in mares. Theriogenology, 185, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.003
  • Spicer, L. J., & Echternkamp, S. E. (1995). The ovarian insulin and insulin-like growth factor system with an emphasis on domestic animals. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 12(3), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(95)00021-6
  • Stachurska, A., Kędzierski, W., Kaczmarek, B., Wiśniewska, A., Żylińska, B., & Janczarek, I. (2023). Variation of Physiological and Behavioural Parameters during the Oestrous Cycle in Mares. Animals, 13(2), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020211
  • Tabatabaei, S., Asghari, M., Moghadam, M., Mamouei, K., & Mirzadeh, A. (2014). Hormonal profile of ovarian follicular fluid and blood plasma during different stages of oestrous cycle in Holstein cattle. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4(2), 263-268.
  • Tazawa, S. P., Gastal, M. O., Silva, L. A., Evans, M. J., & Gastal, E. L. (2017). Preovulatory Follicle Dynamics, and Ovulatory and Endometrial Responses to Different Doses of hCG and Prediction of Ovulation in Mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 56, 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04.008
  • Teixeira, A. C. B., Valle, G. R., Riveros, J. A. N., Diniz, J. H. W., Wenceslau, R. R., Monteiro, G. A., Leme, F. de O. P., & Oliveira, L. Z. (2020). Effects of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulatory and Luteal Characteristics of Mares Submitted to an P4-Based Protocol of Ovulation Induction With hCG. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 94, 103233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103233
  • Wischral, A., Pastorello, M., Gastal, M. O., Beg, M. A., & Gastal, E. L. (2022). Hemodynamic, endocrine, and gene expression mechanisms regulating equine ovarian follicular and cellular development. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 89(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23549
  • Yoon, M. J. (2012). The Estrous Cycle and Induction of Ovulation in Mares. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 54(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2012.54.3.165
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Büşra Özmen 0009-0004-2970-7277

İbrahim Doğan 0000-0003-1976-1814

Proje Numarası Proje Değil
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özmen, B., & Doğan, İ. (2023). Kısraklarda foliküler dinamik. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 68-75.