Adli antropolojide yaş tahmini metodları

Year 2018, , 35 - 54, 30.06.2018

Deren Çeker

https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000352

Abstract

Adli antropoloji, insan kemiklerinden biyolojik profil oluşturulan bir bilim dalıdır. İnsan kemiklerinden biyolojik profil elde etme safhalarının en önemlilerinden biri, bireyin ölüm zamanındaki yaşını tespit etmektir. Antropologlar yaş belirlemek için erişkin olmayan ve erişkin bireylerde farklı yöntemler kullanmakta ve erişkin bireylerin cinsiyetine göre değişen çeşitli metotlar uygulamaktadırlar. Bu metotlar genel olarak dental, osteolojik, histolojik ve kompozit metotları içermektedir. Bu makalede, insan iskeletlerinin incelendiği vakalarda ölüm zamanındaki yaş tahmininde kullanılan geleneksel ve popüler metotlardan, bu metotların uygulanabilirliğinden ve bazı durumlarda karşılaşılan zorluklardan bahsedilecektir

Keywords

Adli antropoloji, yaş tahmini, ölüm zamanındaki yaş, iskelet yaşlandırma metotları

Age Estimation Methods in Forensic Anthropology

Abstract

Forensic anthropology is a branch of science that biological profiles can be established from human bones. One of the most important phases in establishing biological profile from human bones is to determine the age of the individuals at the time of death. Anthropologists use various methods to determine age in sub-adult and adult individuals, and apply various techniques according to the sex of adult individuals. The age estimation methods generally include dental, osteological, histological and composite methods. This article will discuss the utility and the challenges of traditional and popular methods and techniques used to estimate the age at death where human skeletons are examined

Keywords

Forensic anthropology, age estimation, age at death, skeletal aging methods

References

• Aka, P. S., Yagan, M., Canturk, N. ve Dagalp, R. (2015). Primary Tooth Development in Infancy: A Text and Atlas, August 26, 2015, CRC Press.
• Albert, A. M. ve Maples, W. R. (1995). Stages of epiphyseal union for thoracic and lumbar vertebral centra as a method of age determination for teenage and young adult skeletons, J Forensic Sci, 40(4), 623-33.
• AlQahtani, S. J, Hector, M.P. ve Liversi, H.M. (2014). Accuracy of dental age estimation charts: Schour and Massler, Ubelaker and the London Atlas. Am. J. of Physical Anthropology, 154(1), 70–78.
• AlQahtani, S. J. (2008). Atlas of tooth development and eruption. Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Queen Mary University of London, MClinDent.
• Barchilon, V., Hershkovitz, I., Rothschild, B., Wish-Baratz, S., Latimer, B., Jellema, L., Hallel, T. ve Arensburg, B. (1996). Factor affecting the rate and pattern of the first costal cartilage ossification. Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 17(3), 239-47.
• Barres, D. R., Durigon, M. ve Paraire, F. (1989). Age estimation from quantification of features of “chest plate” x-rays. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34, 28 – 33.
• Bethard, J. (2005). A Test of the Transition Analysis Method for Estimation of Age- at- Death in Adult Human Skeletal Remains. MA Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
• Boldsen, J. L., Milner, G. R., Konigsberg L. W. ve Wood, J. W (2002). “Transition Analysis: A new method for estimating age from skeletons”. Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. R. Hoppa ve J. Vaupel (Ed.), pp. 73-106, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
• Brooks, S. ve Suchey, J. M. (1990). Skeletal Age Determination Based on the Os Pubis: A comparison of the Acsadi-Nemeskeri and Suchey-Brooks Methds. Human Evolution, 5(3), 227-238.
• Brooks, S. T. (1955). Skeletal age at death: The reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 13, 567 – 589.
• Brothwell, D.R. (1963). Dental Anthropology. Pergamon Press, New York.
• Buckberry, J. L. ve Chamberlain, A. T. (2002). Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, 231 – 239.
• Buikstra, J. E.ve Ubelaker, D. H. (1994). Standarts for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, 44. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
• Christensen, M. A., Passalacqua, V. N. ve Bartelink J. E. (2014) Forensic Anthropology: Current Methods and Practice. Academic Press.
• Crews, D. E. (1993). Biological anthropology and human aging: Some current directions in human aging research. Annual Review of Anthropology, 22, 395 – 423.
• Demirjian, A., Goldstein, H., Tanner, J. M. (1973). A new system of dental age assessment. Human Biol., 45, 211-227.
• Ericksen, M. F. (1991). Histologic examination of age at death using the anterior cortex of the femur. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84, 171 – 179 .
• Falys, C. G., Schutkowksi, H. ve Weston D. A. (2006). Auricular surface aging: Worse than expected? A test of revised method on documented historic skeletal assemblage. Am J Phys Anthropol, 130(4), 508-13.
• Fazekas, G. ve Kosa, F. (1978) Forensic Fetal Osteology. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
• Garvin, H. M. (2010). “Limitations of cartilage ossification as an indicator of age at death”. Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton. K. Latham ve M. Finnegan (Ed.), pp. 118-133., Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
• Garvin, M. H, Passalacqua, V. N., Uhl, M. N, Gipson, R.D., Overbury, S. R. ve Cabo, L. L. (2012). “Developments in Forensic Anthropology: Age-at-Death Estimation”. A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. D. C. Dirkmaat (Ed.), 202-223, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Garvin, H. M. ve Passalacqua, N. V. (2011). Current practices by forensic anthropologists in adult skeletal age estimation, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(2), 427-433
• Gilbert, B. M. ve McKern, T. W. (1973). A method for aging the female os pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38, 31 – 38.
• Gustafson, G. (1950). Age determination on teeth. J Am Dent Assoc, 41(1), 45-54.
• Hartnett, K. M. (2010a). Analysis of age-at-death estimation using data from a new, modern autopsy sample--part II: sternal end of the fourth rib. J Forensic Sci, 55(5),1152-1156.
• Hartnett, K. M. (2010b). Analysis of age-at death estimation using data from a new, modern autopsy sample - part I: pubic bone. J Forensic Sci, 55(5),1145-1151.
• Hoffman, J. M. (1979). Age estimations from diaphyseal lengths: Two months to twelve years. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24, 461 – 469.
• Meindl, R. S., Lovejoy, C. O., Mensforth, R. P. ve Walker, R. A. (1985). A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 29 – 45.
• Nawrocki, S. P. (2010). “The Nature And Sources Of Error in The Estimation of Age At Death From The Skeleton”. Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton. K. Latham and M. Finnegan (Ed.), pp. 79-101, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
• Nawrocki, S. P. (1998). “Regression formulae for the estimation of age from cranial suture closure”. Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains, 2nd Edition. K. J. Reichs (Ed.), pp. 276-292, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
• İşcan, M. Y. (1989). “Research strategies in age estimation: The multiregional approach”. Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. M. Y. İşcan (ed.), pp. 325- 339, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL
• İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. ve Wright, R. K. (1985). Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white females. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30, 853 – 863.
• İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. ve Wright, R. K. (1984a). Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: a new method to estimate age at death in white males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 65, 147 – 156.
• İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. ve Wright, R. K. (1984b) Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white males. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29, 1094 – 1104 .
• Johnston, F. E. (1962). Growth of the long bones of infants and children at Indian Knoll. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 20, 249 – 254.
• Katz, D. ve Suchey, J. M. (1986). Age Determination of The Male Os Pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 427 – 435.
• Kerley, E. R. ve Ubelaker, D. H. (1978). Revisions in the microscopic method of estimating age at death in human cortical bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 49, 545 – 546.
• Kerley, E. R. (1965). The microscopic determination of age in human bone.
• Kim, Y. K., Kho, H. S. ve Lee, K. H. (2000). Age estimation by occlusal tooth wear. J Forensic Sci, 45, 303‑309.
• Kroman, A. M. ve Thompson, G. A. (2009). Cranial suture closure as a reflection of somatic dysfunction: lessons from osteopathic medicine applied to physical anthropology. Proceedings American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, pp. 326– 237.
• Lamendin, H., Baccino, E., Humbert, J. F., Tavernier, J. C., Nossintchouk, R. M. ve Zerille, A. (1992). A simple technique for age estimation in adult corpses: the two criteria dental method. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37, 1373 – 1379.
• Langley-Shirley, N. ve Jantz R. L. (2010). A Bayesian approach to age estimation in modern Americans from the clavicle. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(3), 571 – 583.
• Lovejoy, C.O. (1985). Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am J Phys Anthropol, 68(1), 47-56.
• Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R. ve Mensforth, R. P. (1985b). Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 15 – 28.
• Lynnerup, N., Thomsen, J. L. ve Frolich, B. (1998). Intra- and inter-observer variation in histological criteria used in age at death determination based on femoral cortical bone. Forensic Science International, 91, 219 – 230.
• Masset, C. (1989). “Age estimation on the basis of cranial sutures”. Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. M. Y. İşcan (ed.), pp. 71-103, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL
• Meindl, R. S. ve Lovejoy, C. O. (1985). Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral anterior sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 57 – 66.
• McKern, T. W. ve Stewart, T. D (1957). Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males Analysed from the Standpoint of Age Identification. Technical Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Command, Natick, MA.
• Moorrees, C. F. A., Fanning, E. A. ve Hunt, E. E. (1963a). Formation and restoration of three deciduous teeth in children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21, 205 – 213.
• Moorrees, C. F. A., Fanning, E. A. ve Hunt, E. E. (1963b) Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. Journal of Dental Research, 42(6), 1490 – 1502.
• Mulhern, D. M. ve Jones, E. B. (2005). Test of revised method of age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126, 61 – 65.
• Murphy, T. (1959). Gradients of dentin exposure in human molar tooth attrition. Am J Phys Anthropol 17, 179-86.
• Osborne, D. L., Simmons, T. L. ve Nawrocki, S. P. (2004). Reconsidering the auricular surface as an indicator of age at death. Journal of Forensic Sciences 49, 905 – 911.
• Passalacqua, N. V. (2010). The utility of the Samworth and Gowland age-at-death "look-up" tables in forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci, 55(2), 482-487.
• Prince, D. A. ve Ubelaker, D. H. (2002). Application of Lamendin’s adult dental aging technique to a diverse skeletal sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47, 107 – 116.
• Russell, F. K, Simpson, W. S, Genovese, J., Kinkel, M. D, Meindl, S. R, Lovejoy, O. C (1993). Independent test of the fourth rib aging technique, Am.J of Physical Anthropology, 92(1), 53–62.
• Samworth, R. ve Gowland, R. (2007). Estimation of adult skeletal age‐at‐death: statistical assumptions and applications. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 17(2), 174-188.
• Scheuer, L., Black, S. (2000). Developmental Juvenile Osteology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
• Schour, I. ve Massler, M. (1941). The Development of the Human Dentition. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 28(7), 1153-1160.
• Schour, I. ve Massler, M. (1944). Development of Human Dentition Chart, 2nd Ed., American Dental Association, Chicago, IL.
• Semine, A. A. ve Damon, A. (1975). Costochondral ossification and aging in five populations. Human Biology, 47(1), 101 – 116.
• Sinthubua, A., Theera-Umpon, N., Auephanwiriyakul, S., Ruengdit, S., Das, S., ve Mahakkanukrauh, P. (2016). New Method of Age Estimation from Maxillary Sutures Closure in a Thai Population. Clin Ter, 167(2), 33-37.
• Smith, H. B. (1984). Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63, 39-56.
• Smith, D. W. ve Tondury, G. (1978). Origin of the calvaria and its sutures. Am J Dis Child, 132, 662–666.
• Snodgrass, J. J. (2004). Sex differences and aging of the vertebral column. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (3), 458 – 463.
• Stewart, T. D. (1979). Essentials of Forensic Anthropology, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
• Stewart, T. D. (1958). The rate of development of vertebral osteoarthritis in American whites and its significance in skeletal age identification. The Leech, 28, 144 – 151.
• Stout, S. D. (1988). The use of histomorphology to estimate age. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 33, 121 – 125.
• Stout, S. D. ve Gehlert, S. J. (1980). The relative accuracy and reliability of histological aging methods. Forensic Science International, 15, 181 – 190.
• Stout, S. D. ve Paine, R. R. (1992). Histological age estimation using the rib and clavicle. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87, 111 – 115.
• Todd, T. W. ve Lyon, D. W. (1925). Cranialsuture closure, its progress and age relationship. Part II. Ectocranial suture closure in adult males of the white stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 8, 23 – 45.
• Todd, T. W. ve Lyon, D. W. (1924). Endocranial suture closure, its progress and age relationship. Part I. Adult males of the white stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 7, 325 – 384.
• Todd, T. W. (1920) Age changes in the pubic bone I: The Male White Pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 3, 285 – 334.
• Todd, T. W. (1921). Age changes in the pubic bone II-IV: The pubis of the male Negro-White hybrid, the pubis of the White female, the pubis of the female Negro-White hybrid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 4, 1 – 70.
• Ubelaker D.H. (1978). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, IL.
• Ubelaker, D. H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation, Second Edition. Taraxacum, Washington, DC.
• Ubelaker, D. H. (1987). Estimating Age at Death from Immature Human Skeletons: An Overview. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(5), 1254-1263.
• Uhl, N. M ve Nawrocki, S. P. (2010). “Multifactorial estimation of age at Death from the Human Skeleton”. Age Estimation of Human Skeleton. K. Latham ve M. Finnegan (Ed.), pp. 243-261, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
• Uhl, N. M. (2008). ADBOU age-at-death estimation in South Africa. Proceedings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 77th Annual Meeting, Columbus, OH, p. 211.
• Webb, O. P. A. ve Suchey, M. J. (1985). Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Volume 68(4), 457–466.
• Wittwer-Backofen, U., Gampe, J. ve Vaupel, J. W. (2004). Tooth cementum annulation for age estimation: results from a large known-age validation study.
• Yaşar, Z. F. ve Sevim Erol, A. (2007). Diş Antropolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Antropoloji Dergisi, 22, 15-40.
• Yun, J. I., Lee, J. Y., Chung, J. W., Kho, H. S. ve Kim, Y. K. (2007). Age estimation of Korean adults by occlusal tooth wear. J Forensic Sci, 52, 678‑683
• Zambrano, C. J. (2005). Evaluation of Regression Equations used to Estimate Age at Death from Cranial Suture Closure. MS Thesis, University of Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN.
• Zwaan, B. J. (1999). The evolutionary genetics of aging and longevity. Heredity, 82, 589 – 597.