Macaristan’da Popülist Söylem: Türk Göçmenlerin Deneyimleri

Year 2023, , 80 - 109, 15.02.2023

Hande Kars Didem Çakmaklı

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.04

Abstract

Avrupa’da yükselişe geçen popülist ve otoriter siyasi dönüş, göçmen gruplarını hedef alan hem söylemler hem politikalar üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu çalışma, popülist bir dönüşüm yaşayan Macaristan’daki Türk göçmenlerin deneyimlerini incelemektedir. Avrupa’daki Türk göçmenler kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiş olsa da Macaristan’daki küçük ama artan Türk göçmen nüfusu çok az gözlemlenmiştir. Macaristan, liberal Avrupa değerleri ve yükselen popülist söylem arasında gidip gelmektedir. Macaristan’da özellikle Müslümanları hedef alan dışlayıcı söylemin, Türklerin göçmen olarak gündelik deneyimlerini nasıl değerlendirdiklerine yansıması beklenmektedir. Araştırma, Macaristan’daki Türklerle yapılan 20 yarı yapılandırılmış, derinlemesine görüşmeye dayanmaktadır. Katılımcılar kartopu yöntemine göre seçilmiştir. Bulgular, olumsuz deneyimlerden ziyade olumlu deneyimlere işaret etmektedir. Görüştüğümüz Türk göçmenlere göre bunun bir nedeni, Macaristan’daki Türklerin profilleri ve diğer göçmen gruplarına göre nispeten az sayıda olmaları ve bu nedenle daha az hedef haline gelmeleridir. İkincisi, Macarlar ve Türkler arasındaki sosyal ve kültürel benzerlikler, genel olarak olumlu tutumları desteklemektedir. Üçüncüsü, Türkiye ile Macaristan arasındaki yakın siyasi ilişkiler, Türkler ve Macarlar arasında uzlaşmacı ilişkilere yol açmaktadır. Bu bulgular, Macaristan’daki Türklerin, Orbán’ın otoriter ve popülist söyleminden olumsuz etkilenmediklerini iddia eden, diğer göçmen gruplarından ayrışan bir grup olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Macaristan, Türk Göçmenler, Popülizm, Göçmen Deneyimleri, Vatandaşlık

Populist Rhetoric in Hungary: Experiences of Turkish Immigrants

Abstract

In an era of increasing populism across Europe, anti-immigrant and exclusionary rhetoric and policies have become widespread. This research studies Turkish migrants in Hungary to assess the extent to which Hungary’s populist turn has affected their experiences as immigrants. Turkish immigrants have been studied extensively across Europe, yet Hungary’s small but increasing Turkish population has been little observed. As a member of the EU, Hungary is caught between liberal European values and illiberal, populist politics. Exclusionary rhetoric, particularly targeting Muslims, is expected to reflect on how Turks evaluate their everyday experiences as migrants. The research is based on 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Turks in Hungary. Findings point to positive rather than negative experiences. One reason presented by the interviewees themselves is the particular profile of Turks in Hungary and their relatively smaller presence, making them less of a target. Second, they claim that social and cultural commonalities between Hungarians and Turks support generally positive attitudes towards Turks. Third, close political relations between Turkey and Hungary lead to agreeable relations between Turks and Hungarians. Turks in Hungary emerge as a distinct immigrant group whose members claim they are not negatively affected or disadvantaged by Orbán’s illiberal populist rhetoric.

Keywords

Hungary, Turkish Immigrants, Populism, Migrant Experiences, Citizenship

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