The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation

Muharrem Doğan

doi:10.53376/ap.2023.14

TR EN

Modern Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplinin Vestfalya Sistemi: Musul İşgali Örneğinde Egemenlik Hakkının İhlali, Yerli Halkların Haklarının Yok Sayılması ve Orta Çağ Uygulamalarının Sürdürülmesi

Abstract

Vestfalya sistemi, en yüksek siyasî otoritenin Orta Çağ uygulamalarından modern egemen devletlere ve egemenlik, iç işlerine karışmama, uluslararası hukuk gibi ilgili kavramlara geçişi ifade eder. Bu hâliyle, Vestfalya sistemi, 1648’den beri Batılı devletlerin siyasî ilişkilerini şekillendirmiş fakat dünyanın geri kalanı için geçerlilik kazanamamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Vestfalya sisteminin Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinine yeni bir düzen getiremediği fikri, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında İngilizlerin Musul Vilayeti’ni işgali örneğiyle ele alınmaktadır. Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İngilizler, Mütareke hükümlerine ve Woodrow Wilson’ın On Dört Umdesine aykırı olarak Musul’u yasadışı bir şekilde işgal etmiştir. İşgal, Vestfalya ilkelerinin açık bir ihlâlidir ve bu nedenle İngiliz manda rejimi hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin direnişiyle karşılaşmıştır. Fakat Musul, tüm direnişlere rağmen, savaştan sonra İngiliz mandası altındaki Irak hükümetine devredilmiştir.

Keywords

Vestfalya Sistemi, Egemenlik, İç İşlerine Karışmama, Musul’un İşgali, Birinci Dünya Savaşı

The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation

Abstract

The Westphalian system refers to the shifting of the supreme political authority from medieval practices to modern sovereign states and related concepts such as sovereignty, non-intervention, and international law. While the system has shaped the Western political environment since 1648, it has in fact not been validated for the rest of the world. In this paper, the idea that the Westphalian system has not opened a new avenue in the discipline of International Relations is exemplified by the case of the British occupation of the Mosul Vilayet. Contrary to the terms of the Mudros Armistice and Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the British illegally occupied Mosul. The occupation was a clear violation of the Westphalian principles and thus the British mandate regime encountered resistance from both the Ottoman Empire and further the Republic of Türkiye. Despite all resistance, Mosul was ceded to the Iraqi government under the British mandate after the war.

Keywords

Westphalian System, Sovereignty, Non-intervention, Mosul Occupation, First World War

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

International Relations Theories

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Muharrem Doğan ^*
0000-0001-8057-460X
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 13, 2023

Submission Date

February 24, 2023

Acceptance Date

March 31, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 15 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.14

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44LJ23LD

APA

Doğan, M. (2023). The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation. Alternatif Politika, 15(2), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.14

AMA

1.Doğan M. The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(2):368-384. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.14

Chicago

Doğan, Muharrem. 2023. “The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation”. Alternatif Politika 15 (2): 368-84. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.14.

EndNote

Doğan M (June 1, 2023) The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation. Alternatif Politika 15 2 368–384.

IEEE

[1]M. Doğan, “The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation”, Altern. Polit., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 368–384, June 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.14.

ISNAD

Doğan, Muharrem. “The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation”. Alternatif Politika 15/2 (June 1, 2023): 368-384. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.14.

JAMA

1.Doğan M. The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:368–384.

MLA

Doğan, Muharrem. “The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation”. Alternatif Politika, vol. 15, no. 2, June 2023, pp. 368-84, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.14.

Vancouver

1.Muharrem Doğan. The Westphalian System of the Modern International Relations: Violation of Sovereignty, Ignoration of Indigenous Rights, and Extension of Medieval Practices in the Case of Mosul Occupation. Altern. Polit. 2023 Jun. 1;15(2):368-84. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.14

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https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1314715

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