The Military as an Internal Security Actor: The Cases of England, France, Mexico, and Turkey

Year 2023, , 581 - 607, 19.10.2023

Ayfer Genç

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22

Abstract

The division of labor between the police and the military is a significant factor in establishing healthy civil-military relations in a country. The military’s involvement in the provision of public security would create negative impacts on civil-military relations. Although these assumptions are the core arguments of civil-military relations literature, militaries have always been involved in domestic security affairs. Militaries in democratic or democratizing countries are deployed inside national borders to combat organized crime, encounter insurgencies, or fight against terrorism. This paper aims at analyzing military call-out legislation and mise en oeuvre of military deployment in domestic security through a comparative analysis. In this context, the paper analyzes the cases of England, France, Turkey, and Mexico to determine the reasons and the degree of the military's involvement in domestic security. As the comparative analysis demonstrates, terrorism –local or global- opens a window of opportunity for the use of the military inside state borders. Yet, the structure of the internal security apparatus and the pattern of civil-military relations, both have a considerable impact on the level of military involvement in domestic security.

Keywords

Military, Domestic Security, Mexico, Türkiye, France, England

Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri

Abstract

Sağlıklı bir biçimde işleyen asker-sivil ilişkilerinin oluşması için gerekli başlıca unsurlardan biri polis ve ordu arasındaki iş bölümüdür. Kamu güvenliğinin sağlanmasında askeri personelin kullanılması asker-sivil ilişkileri üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratmaktadır. Buna rağmen, ordular her zaman iç güvenlik meselelerine dâhil olmuştur. Demokratik veya demokratikleşmekte olan ülkelerdeki ordular örgütlü suçla savaşım, kalkışmaların bastırılması ve terörizmle mücadele amacıyla ülke sınırları içerisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, iç güvenlik ile ilişkili askerin göreve çağrılmasına dair yasaları ve askerin kullanımının nasıl işlediğini analiz etmek niyetindedir. Meksika, Türkiye, Fransa ve Birleşik Krallık örneklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi üzerinden çalışma, orduların iç güvenlik alanına dahil olmasının mikro ve makro düzeydeki nedenlerini anlamak niyetindedir. Karşılaştırmalı analizin gösterdiği üzere, yerel veya küresel terörizm ordunun içeride kullanımı için bir fırsat penceresi açmaktadır. Ancak, güvenlik aygıtının yapısı ve asker-sivil ilişkileri örüntüsü, her ikisi de ordunun içeride kullanımının seviyesi üzerinde kayda değer bir etkiye sahiptir.

Keywords

Ordu, İç Güvenlik, Meksika, Türkiye, Fransa, İngiltere

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