Medya Rejimleri ve Demokrasi: Türkiye, Almanya ve İskandinav Ülkeleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2026, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 92 - 121, 20.02.2026

Ayşe Fulya Şen

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2026.04

https://izlik.org/JA74LL52EF

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin medya rejimini Almanya ve İskandinav ülkeleriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada Hallin ve Mancini’nin üçlü medya sistemi tipolojisi (liberal, demokratik-korporatist ve kutuplaşmış-çoğulcu) temel alınmış; buna ek olarak Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM), Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM), Freedom House, Reporters Without Borders (RSF), UNESCO ve Reuters Institute Digital News Report gibi uluslararası göstergelerden elde edilen güncel veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, Almanya ve İskandinav ülkelerinin demokratik-korporatist modelin güçlü örneklerini temsil ettiğini, medya bağımsızlığını yüksek düzeyde koruyabildiklerini ve kamu hizmeti yayıncılığını kurumsal bir dayanak olarak sürdürebildiklerini göstermektedir. Buna karşılık Türkiye, kutuplaşmış-çoğulcu modele yakın özellikler taşımakla birlikte, son dönemde siyasi müdahale, medya sahipliğinde yoğunlaşma ve gazetecilik profesyonelliğinde gerileme gibi nedenlerle daha derin bir bağımsızlık krizi yaşamaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin medya rejiminin demokratik işlevlerini sürdürebilmesi için Almanya ve İskandinavya modellerinde görülen kurumsal özerklik, şeffaflık ve kamusal sorumluluk ilkelerinden esinlenerek kapsamlı yapısal reformlar gerçekleştirmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Medya Rejimi , Medya Sistemi , Medya Bağımsızlığı , Türkiye , Almanya , İskandinavya , Demokratik-Korporatist Model

Media Regimes and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey, Germany, and the Nordic Countries

https://izlik.org/JA74LL52EF

Abstract

This study provides a comparative analysis of the media regime in Turkey with those of Germany and the Nordic countries. It draws on Hallin and Mancini’s three-model typology of media systems (liberal, democratic-corporatist, and polarized-pluralist) while also incorporating recent data from major international indices, including the Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM), the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM), Freedom House, Reporters Without Borders (RSF), UNESCO, and the Reuters Institute Digital News Report. The findings reveal that Germany and the Nordic countries exemplify the democratic-corporatist model, characterized by strong guarantees of media independence, robust public service broadcasting, and high professional standards in journalism. In contrast, Turkey demonstrates features of the polarized-pluralist model but has increasingly experienced a crisis of independence due to political interference, media ownership concentration, and declining journalistic professionalism. The study concludes that sustaining democratic functions within Turkey’s media regime requires structural reforms inspired by the institutional autonomy, transparency, and public responsibility principles that underpin the German and Nordic models.

Keywords

Media Regime , Media System , Media Independence , Turkey , Germany , Nordic Countries , Democratic-Corporatist Model

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