The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey

Selcan Serdaroğlu Polatay; Eylem Özkaya Lassalle

doi:10.53376/ap.2022.19

Research Article

The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 547 - 581, 09.10.2022

Selcan Serdaroğlu Polatay Eylem Özkaya Lassalle

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.19

Abstract

Sustainable development, being at the centre of today’s global and local policies, has led to discussions about its broad content and applicability since the 1980s. In particular, the most emphasized issues have been prioritizing the economic dimension of sustainable development and understanding the environment as the optimal use of natural capital. However, as was underlined at the World Sustainable Development Summit held in 2002, a social dimension also needs to be taken into account. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore definitions and dimensions of sustainable development and empowerment to understand how their enlarged content affects their application. The dynamic range of empowerment presented as a critical strategy for implementing the social dimension of sustainable development, the ambiguities related to the meaning of the concepts, and the discourses transmitted from the global to the local level are being investigated through the Turkish case. To explore different definitions of sustainable development and empowerment, the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti was used. The research sample consists of ten documents on international cooperation initiatives and three Turkish documents on implementing these initiatives. The international and Turkish texts show the fluctuations of empowerment between raising human welfare and increasing production. Thus, the concept of empowerment seems to reflect the contradictions of sustainable development semantically and by the nature of the discourse used.

Keywords

Sustainable Development, Social Dimension, Empowerment, Content Analysis, Global Environmental Management, Populist Discourse

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Commission of Galatasaray University

Project Number

19.101.001

Thanks

This work has been supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Galatasaray University under grant number 19.101.001.

References

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Akyüz Selin, Feyda Sayan-Cengiz, Aslı Çırakman ve Dilek Cindoğlu (2018), “Married to Anatolian Tigers: Business Masculinities, Relationalities, and Limits to Empowerment”, Turkish Studies, 20 (2): 297-321.
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Bahçeci Başarmak, Hazal Ilgın and Kemal Görmez (2019), “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma vs. Ekolojik Düşünce”, OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (17): 2299-2323.
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Bartunek, Jean M., Gretchen M. Spreitzer (2006), “The Interdisciplinary Career of a Popular Construct Used in Management: Empowerment in the Late 20th Century”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 15 (3): 255-273.
Çoban, Aykut (2020), Çevre Politikası: Ekolojik Sorunlar ve Kuram (Ankara, İmge Kitabevi).
Dryzek, John S. (1997), The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
Daly, Herman E. (1993), “Sustainable Growth: An Impossible Theorem”, Daly, Herman E. and Kenneth N. Townsend (Eds.), Valuing the Earth. Economics, Ecology, Ethics, (Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press): 267-273.
Denton-Calabrese, Tracey, Paige Mustain, Anne Geniets, Laura Hakimi and Niall Winters (2021), “Empowerment Beyond Skills: Computing and the Enhancement of Self-Concept in the Go_Girl Code+Create Program”, Computers & Education, 175 (4): 1-13.
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Lincoln, Nicola Denham, Cheryl Travers, Peter Ackers and Adrian Wilkinson (2002), “The Meaning of Empowerment: The Interdisciplinary Etymology of a New Management Concept”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 4 (3): 271-290.
Mengi, Ayşegül and Nesrin Algan (2003), Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme Çağında Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme: AB ve Türkiye Örneği (Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi).
Mensah, Justice (2019), “Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review”, Cogent Social Sciences, 5 (1): 1-24.
Momeni, Maryam, Hasan Saemi, Ali Asghar Bayani and Maryam Safari (2021), “Exploring the Dimensions and Components of Empowerment and Promoting the Position of Female Educational Managers”, Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology, 4 (2): 234-243.
Mora, Acuña, M., C Sparud-Lundin, P. Moons and E.L. Bratt (2022), “Definitions, instruments and correlates of patient empowerment: A descriptive review”, Patient Education & Counseling, 105 (2): 346-355.
Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria and Will Wiseman (2015), “Turkey’s Important Balancing Act: Promoting Women’s Empowerment in Turkey”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2015/04/09/important-balancing-act-turkey.print (18.07.2022)
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Ortaköylü Uysallı, Zülfiye Doğa (2017), Empowerment of Women Through Non-Formal Education Programs in Turkey (Unpublished Master’s Thesis) (Ankara: The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University).
Pestre, Dominique (2011), “Développement durable : anatomie d'une notion”, Natures Sciences Sociétés, 19: 31-39.
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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanmasında “Güçlendirme” Kavramı Üzerine Tartışmalar ve Türkiye Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 547 - 581, 09.10.2022

Selcan Serdaroğlu Polatay Eylem Özkaya Lassalle

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.19

Abstract

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, günümüz küresel ve yerel politikalarının merkezinde yer almakla birlikte gündeme geldiği 1980'li yıllardan beri geniş içeriği ve uygulanabilirliği hakkında tartışmalara yol açmaktadır. Özellikle sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın ekonomik boyutuna öncelik verilmesi, çevresel olanın çoğunlukla doğal sermayenin optimal kullanımı olarak anlaşılması üzerinde en çok durulan konular olmuştur. Oysa 2002’de düzenlenen Dünya Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Zirvesi'nde hatırlandığı üzere gözetilmesi gereken bir de toplumsal boyut vardır. Bu çalışmada, özellikle toplumsal boyutun uygulanması için anahtar bir strateji olarak sunulan “güçlendirme”nin -sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı gibi- genişleyen içeriğinin küreselden yerele aktarılırken kazandığı/kaybettiği anlamlar Türkiye örneğinde araştırılmaktadır. Atlas.ti programı kullanarak, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın içeriğinin genişlemesinin uygulamayı nasıl etkilediğini tartışmak ve farklı güçlendirme tanımlarını keşfetmek için nitel bir içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, uluslararası işbirliği girişimlerine ilişkin on ve bu girişimlerin Türkiye bağlamında uygulanmasına ilişkin üç belgeden oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de güçlendirmenin nasıl algılandığı uluslararası ve ulusal belgelerde karşılaştırmalar yapılarak çözümlenmekte ve bunun uygulamayı nasıl etkileyebileceği incelenmektedir. Bulgular, güçlendirme konusunda uluslararası düzeyde ve Türkiye’nin uygulama anlayışında insan refahını yükseltme ile üretimi artırma arasında gelgitler olduğunu göstermektedir. Böylelikle güçlendirme kavramının sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramının çelişkilerini hem anlamsal olarak hem de kullanılan söylemin doğası bakımından yansıttığı söylenebilir.

Keywords

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Sosyal Boyut, Güçlendirme, İçerik Analizi, Küresel Çevre Yönetimi, Popülist Söylem

Project Number

19.101.001

References

Adger, W. Neil, Tor A Benjaminsen, Katrina Brown and Hanne Svarstad (2001), “Advancing a Political Ecology of Global Environmental Discourses”, Development and Change, 32 (4): 681-715.
Agyeman, Julian, Robert D Bullard and Bob Evans (2003), Just Sustainabilities. Development in an Unequal World (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd).
Akyüz Selin, Feyda Sayan-Cengiz, Aslı Çırakman ve Dilek Cindoğlu (2018), “Married to Anatolian Tigers: Business Masculinities, Relationalities, and Limits to Empowerment”, Turkish Studies, 20 (2): 297-321.
Austin, John L. (1962), How to Do Things with Words (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
Bahçeci Başarmak, Hazal Ilgın and Kemal Görmez (2019), “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma vs. Ekolojik Düşünce”, OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (17): 2299-2323.
Baillat, Alice (2014), “Pour une approche discursive des politiques publiques environnementales”, CERISCOPE Environnement, http://ceriscope.sciences-po.fr/environnement/content/part4/pour-une-approche-discursive-des-politiques-publiques-environnementales (18.07. 2022).
Barry, Marguerite and Gavin Doherty (2016), “What We Talk About When We Talk About Interactivity: Empowerment in Public Discourse”, New Media & Society, 19 (7): 1052-1071.
Bartunek, Jean M., Gretchen M. Spreitzer (2006), “The Interdisciplinary Career of a Popular Construct Used in Management: Empowerment in the Late 20th Century”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 15 (3): 255-273.
Çoban, Aykut (2020), Çevre Politikası: Ekolojik Sorunlar ve Kuram (Ankara, İmge Kitabevi).
Dryzek, John S. (1997), The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
Daly, Herman E. (1993), “Sustainable Growth: An Impossible Theorem”, Daly, Herman E. and Kenneth N. Townsend (Eds.), Valuing the Earth. Economics, Ecology, Ethics, (Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press): 267-273.
Denton-Calabrese, Tracey, Paige Mustain, Anne Geniets, Laura Hakimi and Niall Winters (2021), “Empowerment Beyond Skills: Computing and the Enhancement of Self-Concept in the Go_Girl Code+Create Program”, Computers & Education, 175 (4): 1-13.
Dobson, Andrew (1998), Justice and the Environment. Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Theories of Distributive Justice (New York: Oxford University Press).
Downe‐Wamboldt, Barbara (1992), “Content Analysis: Method, Applications, and Issues”, Health Care for Women International, 13 (3): 313-321.
Faucheux, W. Sylvie, David Pearce and John Proops (Eds.) (1996), Models of Sustainable Development (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar).
Gupta, Jooyeta and Courtney Vegelin (2016), “Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive Development”, International Environmental Agreements, 16 (3): 433-448.
Haley, Nick, Jason F.Shogren and Ben White (1997), Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice (Houndsmill et al: MacMillan Press Ltd.).
Hennink, Monique, Ndunge Kiiti, Mara Pillinger and Ravi Jayakaran (2012), “Defining Empowerment: Perspectives from International Development Organisations”, Development in Practice, 22 (2): 202-215.
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International Labor Organization (ILO) (2016), “Turkey’s first Action Plan focusing on women’s employment was introduced to the public on May 17th” https://www.ilo.org/ankara/news/WCMS_484712/lang--en/index.htm (18.07.2022)
IUCN (1980), World Conservation Strategy. Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development, https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/WCS-004.pdf (31.01.2021).
Johnston, Paul, Mark Everard, David Santillo and Karl-Henrik Robèrt (2007), “Reclaiming the Definition of Sustainability”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International, 14 (1): 60-66.
Klarin, Tomislav (2018), “The Concept of Sustainable Development: From its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues”, Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 21 (1): 67-94.
Krippendorff, K. (2004), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications).
Lee, Mushin, Joon Koh (2001), “Is Empowerment Really a New Concept?”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12 (4): 684-695.
Lincoln, Nicola Denham, Cheryl Travers, Peter Ackers and Adrian Wilkinson (2002), “The Meaning of Empowerment: The Interdisciplinary Etymology of a New Management Concept”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 4 (3): 271-290.
Mengi, Ayşegül and Nesrin Algan (2003), Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme Çağında Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme: AB ve Türkiye Örneği (Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi).
Mensah, Justice (2019), “Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review”, Cogent Social Sciences, 5 (1): 1-24.
Momeni, Maryam, Hasan Saemi, Ali Asghar Bayani and Maryam Safari (2021), “Exploring the Dimensions and Components of Empowerment and Promoting the Position of Female Educational Managers”, Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology, 4 (2): 234-243.
Mora, Acuña, M., C Sparud-Lundin, P. Moons and E.L. Bratt (2022), “Definitions, instruments and correlates of patient empowerment: A descriptive review”, Patient Education & Counseling, 105 (2): 346-355.
Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria and Will Wiseman (2015), “Turkey’s Important Balancing Act: Promoting Women’s Empowerment in Turkey”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2015/04/09/important-balancing-act-turkey.print (18.07.2022)
Neumayer, Eric (2013), Weak versus Strong Sustainability. Exploring the Limits of Two Opposing Paradigms, Fourth Edition (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, USA: Edward Elgar).
Perroux, François (1961), L'Economie du XXe siècle (Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble).
O'Brien, William E., Cornelia B. Flora (1992), “Selling appropriate development vs. selling-out rural communities: Empowerment and control in indigenous knowledge discourse”, Agriculture& Human Values, 9 (2): 95–102.
Ortaköylü Uysallı, Zülfiye Doğa (2017), Empowerment of Women Through Non-Formal Education Programs in Turkey (Unpublished Master’s Thesis) (Ankara: The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University).
Pestre, Dominique (2011), “Développement durable : anatomie d'une notion”, Natures Sciences Sociétés, 19: 31-39.
Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget (2019), Turkey’s Sustainable Development Goals 2nd VNR, Strong Ground towards Common Goals, http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/TURKEY-2nd-VNR-Report-2019-Strong-Ground-towards-Common-Goals_web.pdf (07.07.2022).
Purvis, Ben, Mao Yong, Darren Robinson (2019), “Three Pillars of Sustainability: in Search of Conceptual Origins”, Sustainability Science, 14: 681-695.
Resmi Gazete (2021), Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı Karar Sayısı: 3718, 20.03.2021, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/03/20210320-49.pdf (18.07.2022).
Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2015), The Age of Sustainable Development (New York: Columbia University Press).
Sachs, Wolfgang (1999), “Sustainable Development and the Crisis of Nature: On the Political Anatomy of an Oxymoron”, Fischer, Frank and Hajer Maarten A. (Eds.), Living with Nature: Environmental Discourse as Cultural Politics, (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 23-42.
Salas-Zapata, Walter Alfredo and Sara Milena Ortiz‐Muñoz (2019), “Analysis of Meanings of the Concept of Sustainability”, Sustainable Development, 27: 153–161.
Sneddon, Chris; Richard Howarth and Richard B. Norgaard (2006), “Sustainable Development in a Post-Brundtland World”, Ecological Economics, 57: 253–268.
Şahinöz, Ahmet (2019), “Sürdürülemeyen ‘Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma’”, Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8 (15): 77-101.
Şen, Hüseyin, Ayşe Kaya and Barış Alpaslan (2018), “Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Tarihsel ve Güncel Bir Perspektif”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 29 (107): 1-47.
Şirin, İbrahim (2022), “Türkiye’de Son 10 Yıllık Sürede İşlenen Kadın Cinayetlerinin İstatistiksel Analizi (Çiçeğe Uzanan Kirli Eller)”, https://www.akademikparadigma.com/turkiyede-son-10-yillik-surede-islenen-kadin-cinayetlerinin-istatistiksel-analizi-cicege-uzanan-kirli-eller/ (20.07.2022).
Tsai, Wanhsiu Sunny, Aya Sami Mohamed Ali Shata and Shiyun Tian (2019), “En-Gendering Power and Empowerment in Advertising: A Content Analysis”, Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 42 (1): 1–15.
Turkey Ministry of Development (2012), Turkey's Sustainability Report Claiming the Future 2012, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/853turkey.pdf (30.01.2021).
Turkey Ministry of Development (2016), The report on Turkey's initial steps towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2030_Raporu.pdf (30.01.2021).
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Political Science
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Selcan Serdaroğlu Polatay This is me 0000-0002-5543-5162 Eylem Özkaya Lassalle This is me 0000-0002-5439-2818
Project Number	19.101.001
Publication Date	October 9, 2022
Submission Date	July 20, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Serdaroğlu Polatay, S., & Özkaya Lassalle, E. (2022). The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey. Alternatif Politika, 14(3), 547-581. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.19
AMA	Serdaroğlu Polatay S, Özkaya Lassalle E. The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey. Altern. Polit. October 2022;14(3):547-581. doi:10.53376/ap.2022.19
Chicago	Serdaroğlu Polatay, Selcan, and Eylem Özkaya Lassalle. “The Controversies over the Term ‘Empowerment’ in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey”. Alternatif Politika 14, no. 3 (October 2022): 547-81. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.19.
EndNote	Serdaroğlu Polatay S, Özkaya Lassalle E (October 1, 2022) The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey. Alternatif Politika 14 3 547–581.
IEEE	S. Serdaroğlu Polatay and E. Özkaya Lassalle, “The Controversies over the Term ‘Empowerment’ in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey”, Altern. Polit., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 547–581, 2022, doi: 10.53376/ap.2022.19.
ISNAD	Serdaroğlu Polatay, Selcan - Özkaya Lassalle, Eylem. “The Controversies over the Term ‘Empowerment’ in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey”. Alternatif Politika 14/3 (October 2022), 547-581. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.19.
JAMA	Serdaroğlu Polatay S, Özkaya Lassalle E. The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey. Altern. Polit. 2022;14:547–581.
MLA	Serdaroğlu Polatay, Selcan and Eylem Özkaya Lassalle. “The Controversies over the Term ‘Empowerment’ in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey”. Alternatif Politika, vol. 14, no. 3, 2022, pp. 547-81, doi:10.53376/ap.2022.19.
Vancouver	Serdaroğlu Polatay S, Özkaya Lassalle E. The Controversies over the Term “Empowerment” in the Implementation of Sustainable Development and the Case of Turkey. Altern. Polit. 2022;14(3):547-81.

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