The End of the Supranational Dream of the European Union: Toward a More Nationalist and Intergovernmental Union

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 540 - 569, 19.10.2024

Dilara Sülün

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2024.19

Abstract

This article questions and analyses the supranational aspirations of the European Union (EU) over its intergovernmental policies. It addresses first nationalism followed by neo-functionalism, supranationalism, and intergovernmentalism; the dominant theories in European integration. The purpose of the study is to reflect the EU’s supranational limitations. Our main research question is to determine whether there is a new form of Europeanism across Europe. The study shows the rising nationalism across Europe, through the 2019 and 2024 European Parliament (EP) elections, and the growing Euroscepticism through public opinion surveys. Moreover, a “policy analysis” is conducted through the EP resolutions between 1999 and 2024 and in European laws through Eur-lex, to reflect the number of intergovernmental operations. The overall findings indicate that many EU countries have ambiguous positions and altered views on the EU, between “Europhoria” and “Europhobia”. The study suggests a new form of Europeanism is growing, between Pro-Europeanism and Anti-Europeanism: “Adapted-Europeanism”. This new typology is introduced to refer to countries asking for less but more adapted integrational policies.

Keywords

European Union, Nationalism, Neo-Functionalism, Supranationalism, Intergovernmentalism

Avrupa Birliği’nin Ulus Üstü Hayalinin Sonu: Daha Milliyetçi ve Hükümetlerarası Bir Birliğe Doğru

Abstract

Bu makale, Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) ulusüstü hedeflerini ve hükümetlerarası politikalarını sorgulamakta ve incelemektedir. Çalışmada öncelikle milliyetçilik ve kavramlarına yer verilmiş, ardından Avrupa bütünleşmesinde baskın teoriler olan neo-işlevselcilik, ulusüstücülük ve hükümetlerarasıcılık teorileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı AB’nin ulusüstü işleyişinin sınırlarını ortaya koymaktır. Başlıca araştırma sorumuz, Avrupa çapında yeni bir Avrupalılık biçiminin olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Bu kapsamda, 2019 ve 2024 Avrupa Parlamentosu (AP) seçimleri aracılığıyla Avrupa çapında yükselen milliyetçilik ve kamuoyu araştırmaları ile artmakta olan Avrupa şüpheciliği gösterilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, 1999-2024 yılları arasındaki Avrupa Parlamentosu kararları ve Eur-lex Avrupa yasaları araştırılarak “politika analizi” yapılmış ve AB’nin hükümetler arası karar sayısı verileri ile ulusüstü işleyişinin sınırları ortaya konmuştur. Varılan bulgular, pek çok AB ülkesinin AB ile ilgili görüşlerinin, AB sevgisi ile AB nefreti arasında karmaşık ve belirsiz olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale, Avrupa yanlısı ve Avrupa karşıtlığı arasında yeni bir Avrupalılık şeklinin gelişmekte olduğunu öne sürmekte olup, “Uyarlanmış Avrupalılık” kategorisi olarak adlandırmaktadır. Bu yeni tipoloji, daha az ama daha iyi uyarlanmış AB bütünleşme politikaları isteyen ülkeleri temsil etmektedir.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği, Milliyetçilik, Yeni-İşlevselcilik, Ulusüstücülük, Hükümetlerarasıcılık

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