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دراسة حول تفريق معايير الفرز الشرعي للأسهم

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 322 - 335, 18.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.52115/apjir.1152507

Abstract

تُعدّ الأسهم الإسلاميّة إحدى الأدوات الماليّة الإسلاميّة المتداولة في أسواق رأس المال، وقد تمّ التأكيد على النظام الاقتصاديّ القائم على الشراكة في المراحل المبكرة من تاريخ الاقتصاد الإسلاميّ مع بدء مناقشة هذا الاقتصاد. على أنّ هيكلَ الشراكة وثقافتَها لا ينعكسان في المجال العمليّ بصورة متساوية. وقد ظَلَّ المساهمون بعيدين عن استثمارات الأسهم لمدّة طويلة لتعذّر إنشاءِ هيكل شركة يعمل بصفةٍ تتوافق والشريعة الإسلامية. وقد حالت دون تأسيس هذا الهيكل الشرعي للشركات جملةٌ من الشروط غيرِ المشروعة التي يطلبها النظام التقليديّ القائم. وقد طُرحت الآراء لقبول هيكل الشركات المساهمة الحالية في سبيل القضاء على تلك الصورة السلبيّة السائدة، ولتمكين تطوير رؤوس الأموال الإسلامية؛ وفي هذا السياق قرّر مجمع الفقه الإسلامي الدوليّ في عام 1992 أنّ مبدأ المسؤولية المحدودة جائز، وسمح بالاستثمار في الشركات المساهمة، وعليه فقد سُمح بالاستثمار في الشركات المساهمة في حالة استيفائها شروطًا شرعية معينة. ثم وُضعت مع قرار السماح هذا معاييرُ مختلفة للفرز الشرعي الذي يقام لتعيين علاقات الشركة مع المحتويات غير الشرعية، لاستثمارات الأسهم الإسلامية، تختلف باختلاف المؤسسات التي توَفِّر المؤشر، وهيكلِ المؤشرات، والدولِ التي تعمل فيها المؤشراتُ، وهيئةِ الرقابة الشرعيّة. في رأيي، على أنّ الاختلاف في المنهجية التي تستخدمها هيئة الرقابة الشرعيّة عند إصدار الأحكام يشكّل أهمَّ قضية مؤثّرة في هذا التنوع. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إظهار كيفية تأثير الاختلاف في المنهجية على تغيير المعايير الشرعية المستخدَمة في الفرز الشرعي. في هذه الدراسة، بحثنا في الممارسات الحالية وفقًا لتصنيف المنهجية الذي أنشأناه، وخلصنا إلى أن التغيير في المنهجية غيّر معايير الفرز الشرعي.

References

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Hisse Senedi Şer'i İzleme Kriterlerinin Farklılaşması Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 322 - 335, 18.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.52115/apjir.1152507

Abstract

Ortaklık sözleşmesi İslam hukukunun temel sözleşme formlarından birisini temsil etmektedir. İslami finans alanında ortaklık ilişkisine dayalı olarak işlem gören en önemli araç ise hisse senetleridir. Hisse senetleri her ne kadar ortaklık sonucunu doğurması bakımından herhangi bir problem teşkil etmese de modern uygulamadan kaynaklanan bazı sorunlar sebebiyle söz konusu senetlere yatırım hususunda belirli bir süre çekingen tutum sergilenmiştir. Bu minvalde borsa kapsamında yürütülen işlemlerin tamamının gayrimeşru nitelikte olmadığının ve anonim şirketin İslam şirketler hukuku ilkelerini ihlal eden bir yapı sergilemediğinin kabul edilmesiyle birlikte hisse senetlerine dair bakış açısında değişiklik yaşanmıştır. Anonim şirketin meşru bir yapı olarak kabul edilmesiyle birlikte hangi şirketlere yatırım yapılabileceği konusu gündeme gelmiştir. Bu kapsamda ana faaliyet alanı gayrimeşru olan şirketlere yatırım yasaklanırken, tamamen meşru yapıdaki şirketlere izin verilmiştir. İkinci nitelikteki şirketlerin sayıca az olması gayrimeşru içeriklerin sınırlı tutulması kaydıyla karma şirketlere yatırıma müsaade edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu kapsamda şirketlerin gayrimeşru içeriklerle olan ilişkisi tespit etmeye yönelik yürütülen incelemeleri ifade eden şer‘i izleme faaliyetleri bünyesinde eşik değerler belirlenerek izin verilen gayrimeşru içerik miktarı belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Şer‘i izleme uygulamaları incelendiği zaman birbirinden farklı birçok eşik değer kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Söz konusu değerler izleme kalemine, danışma kuruluna, ülkelere ve endekslerin kapsamına bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Ancak kanaatimizce bu konuda en anlamlı etken, eşik değer belirleme metodudur. Bu çalışma, “nas temelli”, “fıkhî temelli” ve “karma metot” şeklinde tasnif ettiği üç özgün yöntemi merkeze alarak metodoloji farklılığının eşik değerlerin değişimi üzerindeki belirleyici rolünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • AAOIFI. el-Meâyirü’ş-şer’iyye: en-nassü’l-kamil li’l-meayiri’ş-şer’iyye : (1-58). Riyad: Daru’l-meymân li’n-neşri ve’t-tevzi’, 2018.
  • Al Meezan. “Shariah Methodology”. Al Meezan Investment Management Limited. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2020. https://www.almeezangroup.com/investor-education/shariah-methodology/
  • Amanie. “Amanie Shariah Board”. Erişim 12 Aralık 2019. http://www.amaniescreening.com/shariah_board.php
  • Ayedh, Abdullah vd. “Shariah Screening Methodology: Does It ‘Really’ Shariah Compliance?” IQTISHADIA 12 (23 Ekim 2019), 144-172.
  • Beyyeh, Abdullah Mahfuz. “et-Teâmülü me’a şerikâtin tegûmu bi ’amâlin meşrûatin ve teteâmelu me’a’l-bunûki bi’l-fevâid”. Mecelletü Mecma‘i’l-Fıkhi’l-İslâmî 7 (1992), 327-338.
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  • Malik, Ebû Abdillâh Mâlik b. Enes el-Asbahî. el- Muvatta’. Kahire: el-Mektebetü’l-İlmiyye, 2. Baskı., ts.
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  • Mecma‘u’l-Fıkhi’l-İslâmî. “Karârât”. Mecelletü Mecma‘i’l-Fıkhi’l-İslâmî 7/1 (1992), 711-712.
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  • Mecme’u’l-fıkhi’l-İslâmî ed-düvelî. “Kararun bi-şe’ni’l-esvâgi’l-mâliyye”. Mecme’u’l-fıkhi’l-İslâmî ed-düvelî. 14 Mayıs 1992. Erişim 12 Mayıs 2020. http://www.iifa- aifi.org/1845.html
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  • Meydâni, Abdülganî b Talib b Hammade ed-Dımaşki el-Hanefi. el-Lübâb fî şerhi’l-Kitâb. Beyrut: Darü’l-Beşairi’l-İslamiyye, 2014.
  • Müslim. el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ. Beyrut: Dâru İhyai’t-Türasi’l-Arabi, 1956.
  • Poroy, Reha vd. Ortaklıklar ve Kooperatif Hukuku. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım, 9.Basım., 2003.
  • Ratings Intelligence. “Shariah compliant stocks screening | Islamic stocks screening”. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2020. https://www.ratingsintelligence.com/shariah-screening.html
  • Securities Commission. Resolution of the Securitis Commission Shariah Advisory Council. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti, 2006.
  • Securities Commission. Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council of the Securities Commission Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti, 2019.
  • TASIS. “Handbook on Investments in Shariah Tolerant Stocks”. Erişim 15 Mayıs 2020. https://www.tasis.in/userfiles/files/Handbook%20on%20Investments%20in%20Shariah%20Tolerant%20Stocks.pdf
  • The Fatwa and Shari’a Supervisory Board. “Dubai Financial Market Standards on Shari’a-Compliance: Standard No:1 Issuing, Acquiring and Trading Shares”. Dubai Financial Market. Erişim 13 Ağustos 2020. https://www.dfm.ae/docs/default-source/Sharia/standard-no-1-standard-for-issuing-acquiring-and-trading-shares-english.pdf? sfvrsn=adb1938e_0
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  • Udovitch, Abraham. Partnership and profit in medieval Islam. Princeton : Princeton University, 1970.
  • Usmani, Muhammad Imran Ashraf. Islamic Finance : Revised & Updated Edition of Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking. Karachi-Pakistan: Maktaba Ma’ariful Quran, 2015.
  • Yasaar. “The FTSE Shariah Global Equity Index Series Fatva”. FTSE, 15 Mart 2019. https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ftse_shariah_global_equity_index_series_fatwa.pdf
  • Yıldırım, Ramazan - İlhan, Bilal. “Fıkhi Filtreleme Metodolojisi - Yeni Bir Fıkhi Yaklaşım”. Uluslararası İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/3 (Kasım 2018), 83-101.
  • Zuhayli, Muhammed Mustafa. el-Kavaidü’l-fıkhiyye ve tatbikatuha fi’l-mezahibi’l-erbaa. Dımaşk : Darü’l-Fikr, 2006.
  • أيوفي. المعايير الشرعية النص الكامل للمعايير الشرعية. الرياض: دار الميمان للنشر والتوزيع, ٢٠١٨.
  • الحمود, سامي حسن. “الأدوات المالية الإسلامية”. مجلة مجمع الفقه الإسلامي الدولي ٦/٢ (١٩٩٠), ١٣٨٧-١٤١٣.
  • الزحيلي, محمد مصطفى. القواعد الفقهية وتطبيقاتها في المذاهب الأربعة. دمشق: دار الفكر, ٢٠٠٦.
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A Study on the Differentiation of Shariah Screening Criteria for Stocks

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 322 - 335, 18.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.52115/apjir.1152507

Abstract

Partnership is one of the basic contract forms of Islamic law. The most important financial instrument based on partnership in Islamic finance is stocks. Although stocks are shariah-compliant instruments, investment in stocks was not allowed for a while due to problems arising from modern practice. In this respect, there has been a change in the views on stocks with the acceptance that not all transactions in the stock market are illegitimate and that the joint stock company complies with the Islamic partnership law. With this change, it was discussed which companies to invest in. In this context, investments in companies whose main activity is illegitimate are prohibited, while shariah-compliant companies are allowed. However, due to the scarcity of the second type of companies, investments in mixed companies were permitted. In these sense, thresholds were determined within the scope of Shariah screening activities. When the Shariah screening methodologies are examined, it is seen that there are many different threshold values.These thresholds vary depending on the screening item, shariah board, countries and the scope of the indices. However, the most significant factor in this regard is the threshold determination method. This study aims to reveal the determinant role of methodological differences on the change of thresholds by focusing on three methods.

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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Batuhan Buğra Akartepe 0000-0002-5634-6663

Publication Date August 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Akartepe, Batuhan Buğra. “دراسة حول تفريق معايير الفرز الشرعي للأسهم”. Akademik Platform İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi 6/2 (August 2022), 322-335. https://doi.org/10.52115/apjir.1152507.
Akademik Platform İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.