YENİ ASUR İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA SARAY RÖLYEFLERİNİN VE ANITLARIN PROPAGANDA ARACI OLARAK KULLANIMI

Year 2022, , 185 - 223, 30.06.2022

Koray Toptaş

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.9

Abstract

MÖ 934-612 yılları arasında siyasi, askeri, ekonomik ve idari anlamda güçlü bir imparatorluk kuran Asurlular, başarılarını emperyalist ideolojilerini gerçekleştirmek için kullandıkları uygulamalar ve araçlara borçluydular. Bu unsurların başında propaganda araçları gelmektedir. Yazılı ve görsel materyallerden oluşan bu araçlar hâkim ideolojiyi yönetilen halka aktarmada ve düşmanlara Asur’un gücünü göstermek için etkili bir şekilde kullanmaktaydılar. Bu çalışmada etkili birer propaganda araçları olan rölyefler ve anıtlar ele alınacaktır. Yeni Asur kralları Yakındoğu’da güçlü bir devlet vücuda getirdikten sonra imar faaliyetlerini artırmış ve inşa ettikleri saraylarda bir imparatorluk ikonografyası yaratmaya önem vermişlerdir. Ayrıca askeri sefer düzenlenen uzak bölgelere ve Asur sınırlarına anıtlar dikmişlerdir. Asur nüfusunun ve düşman toplulukların büyük bir bölümünün okuma yazma bilmediği düşünüldüğünde görme duyusuna dayalı bu propaganda araçlarının mesajın tüm hedef kitleye ulaşmasında önemli bir yerde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu, Propaganda, Rölyef, Anıt

References

• Akyüz, Faruk. “Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Sürgün Politikası”, Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler, İ. Albayrak (ed.), (Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat, 2020): 129-180.
• Albayrak, İrfan. “Eski Yakındoğu’nun Sürgün Politikasına Genel Bir Bakış”, Eski Yakındoğu’da Sürgünler, İ. Albayrak (ed.), (Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat, 2020): 1-14.
• Albenda, Pauline. “Asurnasirpal II Lion Hunt Relief BM124534”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 31/3, (1972). 167-178.
• Armağan, Ahsen. “Siyasal Bir İletişim Türü Olarak Propaganda”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi 9, (1999): 417-426.
• Arsev, Bektaş. Kamuoyu İletişim ve Demokrasi. (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık, 1996).
• Ataç, Mehmet Ali. The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,m 2010).
• Bahrani, Zainab, The Graven Image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria: Archaeology, Culture, and Society. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2003).
• Barnett, Richard D. and Falkner, Margeret. The Sculptures of Asur-nasir-apli II (883–859 B.C.), Tiglathpileser III (745–727 B.C.) and Esarhaddon (681–669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud. (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1962).
• Barnett, Richard D. Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668- 627 B.C.). (London: 1976).
• Barnett, Richard D., Bleibtreu, Erika and Turner, Geoffrey, (1998). Sculptures from the Southwest Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh. (London: 1998).
• Bedford, Peter R. “The Neo-Assyrian Empire”. in: I. Morris and W. Scheidel (eds.), The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. (Oxford and New York: 2009): 30–65.
• Botta, Paul Emile and Flandin, Eugène. Monuments de Ninive, vols. I-II, (Paris: 1849).
• CDA: Black, Jeremy, Andrew George and Nicholas Postgate (eds.), A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000).
• Chamaza, Galo W. Vera. Die Omnipotenz Aššurs: Entwicklungen in der Aššur-Theologie unter den Sargoniden Sargon II, Sanherib und Asarhaddon. AOAT 295. (Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2002), 71-167.
• Collins, Paul “The development of the individual enemy in Assyrian art”, Notes in the History of Art, 25(3), (2006): 1-8.
• Collins, Paul. “The development of the Assyrian Reliefs”, MARQ Arqueologia y Museos 03, (2008): 81-91.
• Cooper, Jerrold S. “Divine Kingship in Mesopotamia, A Fleeting Phenomenon”, in: N. Brisch (ed.), Religion and Power-Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond, OIS 4, Chicago: Oriental Ins., 2008): 261-266.
• Coşkun, İsmail. “Til Tuba Savaşı ve Zafer Töreni”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 6, Sayı: 77, (2018). 591-600.
• Crouch, Carly L. War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East: Military Violence in Light of Cosmology and History. BAW 407fv, (Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009).
• Daloğlu, Hakan. “Asur’da Despotik İktidarın Politik Şiddeti”. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 51, (İstanbul: Aktüel Arkeoloji Yayınları, 2016): 50-65.
• Deneçli, Sevda ve Deneçli, Ceyda. “Propagandada İknanın Yeri”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 28, Sayfa: 35-48, Cilt: 11, (2014): 35-48.
• Dolce, Rita. “The ‘Head of the Enemy’ in the Sculptures from the Palaces of Nineveh: An Example of ‘Cultural Migration’?” Iraq, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assriologique Internationale, Part One, (2004): 121-132. 122-124.
• Doob, Leonard W. Public Opinion And Propaganda. (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1948).
• Doob, Leonard W. “Propaganda”, in: E. Barnouw et all. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Communications, Vol. 3, (New York: Oxford University Press. 1989): 374–378.
• Düring, Bleda S. The Imperialisation of Assyria: Ideology. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER 10), (Boston: De Gruyter, 2016).
• Düring, Bleda S. The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
• Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda: the Formation of Men’s Attitudes (translated by K. Kellen & J. Lerner, and introduced by K. Kellen). (New York: Vintage Books, 1965).
• Erdem, Turan. Büyük Yalan Tekniği Ustası Joseph Goebbels: Büyük Yalan Tekniği Ustası. (İstanbul: Arya Yayıncılık, 2017).
• Fish, Thomas. “War and Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Bulletin of the John Rylands (BJRL), 23/2, (1939): 387-402.
• Garelli, Paul. “Territoires et Frontières Dans le İnscriptions Royales Médio-Assyrienne”. in: F. M. Fales et all (eds.), Landscapes, Territories, Frontiers, and Horizons in the Ancient Near East, HANE 3/2, (=CRRAI 44). (Padua: Sargon srl., 2000): 45-48.
• Gerardi, Pamela. “Epigraphs and Assyrian Palace Reliefs: The Development of the Epigraphic Text”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 40 - No. 1, (1988): 1-35.
• Gökçe, Bilcan “Yeni Assur Krallığı’nda Savaş Esirleri Üzerine Notlar”, Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçileri Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi, 13/2, (2019): 20-52
• Gökçek, L. Gürkan. Asurlular, (Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat 2015).
• Harmanşah, Ömür. “Stone Worlds: Technologies of Rock-Carving and Place-Making in Anatolian Landscapes”, in: A. B. Knapp and P. van Dommelen (eds.), Cambridge Handbook of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014): 379-394.
• Harmanşah, Ömür. Eski Yakındoğu’da Kent, Bellek, Anıt (Çev. Fügen Yavuz). (İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015).
• Haskell, Francis. History and its Images. (New Haven: Yale Unv. Press. 1993).
• Holloway, Steven Winford. Aššur is king! Aššur is king!: Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. (Leiden: Brill, 2002).
• Horunlu, Tuğçe. “Yeni Asur Dönemi Devlet Politikalarında Din Faktörü”, Mezopotamya’nın Eski Çağlarında İnanç Olgusu ve Yönetim Anlayışı, Editörler: L. G. Gökçek, E. Yıldırım ve O. Pekşen, (İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları, 2019): 383-400.
• Jowett, Garth S. and O’Donnell, Victoria. Propaganda and Persuasion. (London: SAGE Publication, 2012).
• Jowett, Garth, “Propaganda, Visual Communication of", in: W. Donsbach (ed.), The İnternational Encyclopedia of Communication. (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008): 3919-3925.
• Karlsson, M. (2013). Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology: Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824), Uppsala University.
• King, Leonard William. Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalmaneser, King of Assyria B.C. 860-825, (London: 1915).
• Köroğlu, Kemalettin. “Anadolu’daki Yeni Assur Dönemi Stelleri ve Kaya Kabartmaları: İlk Sonuçlar”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler 41, (2016): 8-12.
• Köroğlu, Kemalettin. “Anadolu’daki Yeni Asur Dönemi Kaya Kabartmaları: 2015 Yılı Araştırmaları”, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü 34. Araştırma Sonuçlan Toplantası, (Edirne: 2017): 329-354.
• Köroğlu, Kemalettin. “Anadolu’da Yeni Asur Dönemi Stelleri ve Kaya Kabartmaları”, K. Köroğlu ve S. F. Adalı (eds), Asurlular: Dicle‘den Toroslar’a Tanrı Asur’un Krallığı. (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018): 162-207.
• Lasswell, Harold D. “The Theory of Political Propaganda”, American Political Science Review, 21, (1927): 627–631.
• Liverani, Mario. “Ideology of the Assyrian Empire”. in: Larsen M.T. (ed.), Mesopotamia 7 - Power and Propaganda: Symposium on Ancient Empires. (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1979): 297-317.
• Liverani, Mario. Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600-1100 BC (History of The Ancient Near East Studies), (Padua: Sargon srl., 1990), 13-14.
• Liverani, Mario. “Historical Overview”. in: D. C. Snell (ed.), A Companion to the Ancient Near East, (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005): 3-19.
• Liverani, Mario. “Untruthful Steles: Propaganda and Reliability in Ancient Mesopotamia”, in: S. C. Melville and A. L. Slotsky (eds.), Opening The Tablet Box. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 42), (Leiden: Brill, 2010): 229-244.
• Liverani, Mario. Assyria: The Imperial Mission (translated by A.Trameri and J. Valk), (Winona Lake/Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2017).
• Mallowan, Barbara Parker. “Magic and Ritual in the Northwest Palace Reliefs”, in: P.O. Harper and H. Pittman (eds) Essays on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of Charles Kyrie Wilkinson. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983): 33-39.
• Marcus, Michelle I. “Art and Ideology in Ancient Western Asia”, in: J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 4, (1995a): 2487-2505.
• Marcus, Michelle I. “Geography as Visual Ideology: Landscape, Knowledge, and Power in Neo-Assyrian Art”, in: M. Liverani (ed.), Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5; (Rome: Universita di Roma “La Sapienza”, 1995b): 192-202.
• Nadali, Davide. “Tarih Konulu Kabartmalar ve görsel Anlatım: İmgeler yoluyla Anlatım”, U. Eco (ed.), Antik Yakındoğu (Çev. L. Tonguç Basmacı), (İstanbul: 2018), 383-386.
• Cull, Nicholas John, Culbert, David and Welch, David. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion - A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. (America: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2003).
• Özüdoğru, Şükrü, “Arkaik Dönem’den Bir Likya Dynast Mezarı Üzerindeki ‘Aslan Öldürme’ Sahnesi: Anlamı ve Kökeni Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, Anadolu / Anatolia 39, (2013): 69-86.
• Paley, Samuel M. “The Texts, the Palace, and the Reliefs of Ashurnasirpal II”, American Journal of Archaeology, 81/4, (1977): 533-543.
• Pongratz-Leisten, Beate, Deller, Karlheinz and Bleibtreu, Erika. “Götterstreitwagen und Götterstandarten: Götter auf dem Feldzug und ihr Kult im Feldlager”. Baghdader Mitteilungen 23, (1992): 291–356.
• Porter, Barbara Nevling. “Assyrian Propaganda for the West: Esarhaddon’s Stelae for Til Barsip and Sam’al”, in: G. Bunnens (ed.), Essays on Syria in the Iron Age. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7, (Louvain-Paris-Sterling: 2000): 143-176.
• Porter, Barbara Nevling. Trees, Kings, and Politics: Studies in Assyrian Iconography. (Fribourg: Academic Press, 2003).
• Qualter, Terence H. “Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi (Çev: Ünsal Oskay,)”, A.Ü. SBF Dergisi Cilt XXXV No: 1-4, (1980): 255-307.
• Reade, Julian. “Ideology and Propaganda in Assyrian Art”. in: M. T. Larsen (ed.), Mesopotamia 7 - Power and Propaganda: A Symposium On Ancient Empires. (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1979): 329-343. 332.
• Reed, Stephanie. “Blurring the Edges: A Reconsideration of the Treatment of Enemies in Ashurbanipal’s Reliefs”, in: J. Cheng and M. H. Feldman (eds.), Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context, Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students. (Leıden: Brill, 2007): 99-128.
• RIMA 2: Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B.C. I (1114— 859 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 2, (Toronto: 1991).
• RIMA 3: Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858— 745 B.C. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 3, (Toronto: 1996).
• RINAP 1: Tadmor, Hayim and Shigeo Yamada. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria. The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1, (Winona Lake: 2011).
• RINAP 3/1: Grayson, Albert Kirk and Jamie Novotny. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 1. The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo- Assyrian Period 3/1, (Winona Lake: 2012).
• RINAP 4: Leichty, Erle. The Royal Inscriptions of Asarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4, (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 2011).
• Saggs, Henry William Frederick. The Might That Was Assyria. (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984).
• Sevin, Veli. Asur Resim Sanatı. (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014).
• Shafer, Ann. “Assyrian Royal Monuments on the Periphery: Ritual and the Making of Imperial Space”, in: J. Cheng and M. H. Feldman (eds.) Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students, (Leiden: Brill, 2007) 133-160.133.
• Sharma, Rajendra Kumar. Social Change and Social Control, (Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2007).
• Siddall, Luis Robert. The Reign of Adad-nirari III An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times, (Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2013), s. 144.
• Thomason, Allison K. “Representations of the North Syrian Landscape in Neo-Assyrian Art”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 323, (2001): 63-96.
• Watanabe, Chikako E. “Reading Ashurbanipal’s Palace Reliefs: Methods of Presenting Visual Narratives” in Gareth Brereton (ed.), I Am Ashurbanipal, King of the World, King of Assyria. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2018): 212–233.
• Weidner, Ernst F. “Assyrische Beschreibungen der Kriegs-Reliefs Aššurbânaplis”, Archiv für Orientforschung 8. Bd. (1932-1933): 175-203.
• Wilke, Jürgen. “Propaganda” in: W. Donsbach (ed.). The İnternational Encyclopedia of Communication. (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008): 3915-3919.
• Winter, Irene J. “Royal Rhetoric and the Development of Historical Narrative in Neo-Assyrian Reliefs”. Studies in Visual Communications 7, (1981): 1-37.
• Winter, Irene J. “Art in Empire: the Royal Image and the Visual Dimensions of Assyrian Ideology”, in: S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (Eds.), Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, (Helsinki, 1997): 359-381.