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VANDAL TARİHİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ: VANDALLARIN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI VE AFRİKA’DA KALICI BİR YURT EDİNMELERİNE KADAR GEÇEN SÜREÇ HAKKINDA GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2020, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 107 - 128, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.726561

Abstract

V. yüzyıldan itibaren dağılmaya başlayan Roma dünyasına büyük bir darbe indirmeyi başarmış bir kavim olan Vandallara bugüne değin tarihçiler tarafından gereken önem gösterilmemiştir. Oysaki Vandallar Kartaca'yı işgal ettikleri 439'lu yıllardan itibaren Batı Roma İmparatorluğu’nun gölgesinde bir kavim olmaktan çıkıp tarihte büyük öneme sahip bir krallık yaratmayı başardılar. 450-500 yılları arasında Akdeniz siyasetine hâkim oldular ve 50 yıl daha hem ekonomik hem de kültürel olarak önemli bir devlet konumunda kaldılar. Ancak bu “peri masalı”nın sonu yıldırım hızıyla geldi. 534 yılında Kartaca ve Vandal krallığı, Iustinianos'un Roma’yı yeniden ihya etme teşebbüsü neticesinde ele geçirildi ve Vandallar sonsuza kadar tarih sahnesinden çekilmek zorunda kaldı.
21. yüzyılda Vandallar şiddet ve kültürsüzlük için adeta bir metafor olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu süreç kuşkusuz Fransız Devrimi’nden itibaren süre gelmektedir. Vandallar, yaşadığımız yüzyılda özellikle Roma Cumhuriyeti üzerine yapılan güzellemeler neticesinde Roma Cumhuriyeti karşıtı grupların baş listesine eklenmiştir. Çünkü Romalıların elinde bulunan zengin eyaletlerden birini ele geçirmişi Roma’nın Akdeniz’deki üstünlüğüne son vermiştir. Ancak unutulan bir olgudur ki Roma; Vandallar Afrika’ya geçtiğinde ne cumhuriyetti ne de o eski ihtişamındaydı.
Vandal Kralığı Geiserich, tarih sahnesine unutulmayacak bir zamanda çıkan özel bir insandı. Geiserich toplumunun yaşadığı zor zamanlarda onlara önderlik etmiş ve yarım yüzyıl gibi kısa bir süre zarfı içerisinde onları Akdeniz’in önemli bir topluluğu haline getirmiştir.
Makalemizdeki temel amaç Vandalların Afrika’ya geçişi ve burada kalıcı bir yurt edinmelerine kadar olan süreci incelemektir.

References

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Gibbon, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 1776–1789), ed. David Wormesley, 3 vols. (London, 1994). Heather, Peter. "Gaiseric, king of the Vandals and Alans, 428–477 CE." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. 2015. Herwig Wolfram, "Norbert Wagner, Getica. Untersuchungen zum Leben des Jordanes und zur frühen Geschichte der Goten." Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 76 (Wien, 1968): 256. Heylyn, Peter, Cyprianus Anglicus: Or, The History of the Life and Death, of the Most Reverend and Renowned Prelate William by Divine Providence, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury... Containing Also The Ecclesiastical History of the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from His First Rising Till His Death, A. Seile, 1719. Howard, Edward Charles. "A note on the Vandal occupation of Hippo Regius." The Journal of Roman Studies 14.1-2 (1924): 263-268. Hughes, Ian. Gaiseric: The Vandal Who Destroyed Rome. Pen and Sword, 2017. Hydatius, Lemicus. The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana: two contemporary accounts of the final years of the Roman Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. Hydatius, Procopius, De bello Gothico, H. B. Dewing (ed. and tr.), LCL (Cambridge, MA, 1914). Iordanes, and Alfred Holder. Iordanis De Origine Actibusque Getarum. Mohr, 1882; XXII, 115.; Wagner, Norbert. Getica: Untersuchungen zum Leben des Jordanes und zurfrühen Geschichte der Goten. Vol. 22. Walter de GruyterGmbH&Co KG, 2016. Istvánovits, Eszter, and Valéria Kulcsár. "Sarmatians or Germans: Influence or Ethnic Presence Oldproblem—Newhypotheses." Inter Ambo Maria Northern Barbarians from Scandinavia towards the Black Sea (2013): 146. Jerome, Epistulae, I. Hilberg (ed.), CSEL 54 (Vienna, 1910), 123.16. Jones, Arnold HM. "The date and value of the Verona List." The Journal of Roman Studies 44.1-2 (1954): 21-29. Ledward, Kenneth. "Spain and the Tangier Question." Fortnightly 123.737 (1928). Mallan, Christopher, and Caillan Davenport. "Dexippus and the Gothic Invasions: Interpreting the New Vienna Fragment (Codex Vindobonensis Hist. gr. 73, ff. 192 v–193 r)." The Journal of Roman Studies 105 (2015): 203-226. Merrills, Andrew, Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, Routledge, 2017. Merrills, Andy & Richard Miles, The Vandals, Wiley Blackwell, 2010. Millar, Fergus. "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire: Libyan, Punicand Latin in Roman Africa." Thejournal of roman studies 58.1-2 (1968): 126-134.;Duncan-Jones, Richard P. "City population in roman Africa." TheJournal of Roman Studies 53.1-2 (1963): 85-90. Opreanu, C. "Roman Dacia and its barbarian neighbours. Economicand diplomatic relations." Oxbow Monograph (1997): 247-252. Pohl, Walter, “The Vandals: fragments of a narrative”, Vandals, Romans and Berbers. Routledge, 2017. Price, Simon. "Latin ChristianApologetics: MinuciusFelix, Tertullian, and Cyprian." Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians (1999): 105-130. Quinn, Josephine Crawley, Roman Africa? Digressus Supplement, 1, ‘Romanization’?, : The Institute of Classical Studies, (2003): 7-34 Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis. Barbarians and Romans: the birth struggle of Europe, AD 400-700. Taylor & Francis, 1983 Roxan, Margaret. "The auxilia of Mauretania Tingitana." Latomus 32.Fasc. 4 (1973): 838-855. Schenkl, Karl, Poetae Christiani Minores I ... Probae cento, Tityrus siue Versus ad gratiam Domini, De uerbi incarnatione, De ecclesia, (Viena CSEL 16, 1, 1888):533-554. Schmidt, Anna Magdalena. "Die Rheinüberquerung der Vandalen, Alanen und Sueben–Ursachen, Datierung und Übergang." historia scribere 5 (2013): 319-335. Shanzer, Danuta. ‘Intentions and Audiences: History, Hagiography, Martyrdom and Confession in Victor of Vita’s Historia Persecutionis’, in A. H. Merrills (ed.), Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, 271–90, London, 2004. Stirling Lea M.,Thekoine of the cupula in Roman North Africa and the transition from cremationtoin humation. In D.L. Stone and L.M. Stirling (eds.), Mortuary landscapes of North Africa. (Toronto), 110-137. Tausend, Klaus. "Bemerkungen zum Wandalen einfall des Jahres 271." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (1999): 119-127. Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens. The Five Books of Quintus Sept. Flor. Tertullianus Against Marcion. Vol. 7. Clark, 1868. Mierow, C. Charles, The Gothic History of Jordanes in English Version: With an Introduction and Commentary. Princeton University Press, 1915. Vössing, Konrad. Das Königreich der Vandalen. Verlag Phillip von Zabern in Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014. Wijnendaele, Jeroen WP. The last of the Romans: Bonifatius-warlord and comes Africae, New York, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Willis, James, Martianus Capella. Walter de Gruyter, 2012. Wolfram, Herwig, The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, Berkeley, 1997. Wood, Ian. “Kings, Kingdoms and Consent”, in P. H. Sawyer and Ian Wood (eds.), Early Medieval Kingship,6–29, Leeds, 1977. Yalazı Esra, & Küçüker Sultan Deniz; "Ksenophon’un Oikonomikos adlı eserinde evlilik ve kadına yaklaşım." Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 9.2 (2015): 57-90. Zosimus, Historicus Zosimus. Zosimi comitis exadvocati fisci Historia Nova. Georg Olms Verlag, 2,16,3; Zosimus, Historicus, and Ronald T. Ridley. New history. Australian Assoc. for Byzantine Studies, 1982; 1963.
Year 2020, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 107 - 128, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.726561

Abstract

References

  • Berndt, Guido M.,and Roland Steinacher. Das Reich der Vandalen unds eine (Vor-) Geschichten. Vol. 13. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008. Brown, Peter. "Christianity and localculture in late Roman Africa." TheJournal of Roman Studies 58.1-2 (1968): 85-95. Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo: a biography. Univ of California Press, 2013. Cain, Andrew. "Miracles, martyrs, and arians: Gregory of Tours' sources for his account of the Vandal kingdom." Vigiliae christianae (2005). Dennis, Holmes VM. "Another note on the Vandal occupation of Hippo Regius." The Journal of Roman Studies 15.2 (1925): 263-268. Dexippus, Fragments, Karl Müller (ed.), FHG III (Paris, 1849), Fr. VI. Garnsey, Peter. "Taxatio and pollicitatio in Roman Africa." The Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971): 116-129. Gasparini, Valentino. "Tracing Religious Change in Roman Africa." Eds. R. Raja–J. Rüpke, A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World. Malden‐Oxford(2015): 478-488. Gibbon, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 1776–1789), ed. David Wormesley, 3 vols. (London, 1994). Heather, Peter. "Gaiseric, king of the Vandals and Alans, 428–477 CE." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. 2015. Herwig Wolfram, "Norbert Wagner, Getica. Untersuchungen zum Leben des Jordanes und zur frühen Geschichte der Goten." Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 76 (Wien, 1968): 256. Heylyn, Peter, Cyprianus Anglicus: Or, The History of the Life and Death, of the Most Reverend and Renowned Prelate William by Divine Providence, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury... Containing Also The Ecclesiastical History of the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from His First Rising Till His Death, A. Seile, 1719. Howard, Edward Charles. "A note on the Vandal occupation of Hippo Regius." The Journal of Roman Studies 14.1-2 (1924): 263-268. Hughes, Ian. Gaiseric: The Vandal Who Destroyed Rome. Pen and Sword, 2017. Hydatius, Lemicus. The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana: two contemporary accounts of the final years of the Roman Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. Hydatius, Procopius, De bello Gothico, H. B. Dewing (ed. and tr.), LCL (Cambridge, MA, 1914). Iordanes, and Alfred Holder. Iordanis De Origine Actibusque Getarum. Mohr, 1882; XXII, 115.; Wagner, Norbert. Getica: Untersuchungen zum Leben des Jordanes und zurfrühen Geschichte der Goten. Vol. 22. Walter de GruyterGmbH&Co KG, 2016. Istvánovits, Eszter, and Valéria Kulcsár. "Sarmatians or Germans: Influence or Ethnic Presence Oldproblem—Newhypotheses." Inter Ambo Maria Northern Barbarians from Scandinavia towards the Black Sea (2013): 146. Jerome, Epistulae, I. Hilberg (ed.), CSEL 54 (Vienna, 1910), 123.16. Jones, Arnold HM. "The date and value of the Verona List." The Journal of Roman Studies 44.1-2 (1954): 21-29. Ledward, Kenneth. "Spain and the Tangier Question." Fortnightly 123.737 (1928). Mallan, Christopher, and Caillan Davenport. "Dexippus and the Gothic Invasions: Interpreting the New Vienna Fragment (Codex Vindobonensis Hist. gr. 73, ff. 192 v–193 r)." The Journal of Roman Studies 105 (2015): 203-226. Merrills, Andrew, Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, Routledge, 2017. Merrills, Andy & Richard Miles, The Vandals, Wiley Blackwell, 2010. Millar, Fergus. "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire: Libyan, Punicand Latin in Roman Africa." Thejournal of roman studies 58.1-2 (1968): 126-134.;Duncan-Jones, Richard P. "City population in roman Africa." TheJournal of Roman Studies 53.1-2 (1963): 85-90. Opreanu, C. "Roman Dacia and its barbarian neighbours. Economicand diplomatic relations." Oxbow Monograph (1997): 247-252. Pohl, Walter, “The Vandals: fragments of a narrative”, Vandals, Romans and Berbers. Routledge, 2017. Price, Simon. "Latin ChristianApologetics: MinuciusFelix, Tertullian, and Cyprian." Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians (1999): 105-130. Quinn, Josephine Crawley, Roman Africa? Digressus Supplement, 1, ‘Romanization’?, : The Institute of Classical Studies, (2003): 7-34 Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis. Barbarians and Romans: the birth struggle of Europe, AD 400-700. Taylor & Francis, 1983 Roxan, Margaret. "The auxilia of Mauretania Tingitana." Latomus 32.Fasc. 4 (1973): 838-855. Schenkl, Karl, Poetae Christiani Minores I ... Probae cento, Tityrus siue Versus ad gratiam Domini, De uerbi incarnatione, De ecclesia, (Viena CSEL 16, 1, 1888):533-554. Schmidt, Anna Magdalena. "Die Rheinüberquerung der Vandalen, Alanen und Sueben–Ursachen, Datierung und Übergang." historia scribere 5 (2013): 319-335. Shanzer, Danuta. ‘Intentions and Audiences: History, Hagiography, Martyrdom and Confession in Victor of Vita’s Historia Persecutionis’, in A. H. Merrills (ed.), Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, 271–90, London, 2004. Stirling Lea M.,Thekoine of the cupula in Roman North Africa and the transition from cremationtoin humation. In D.L. Stone and L.M. Stirling (eds.), Mortuary landscapes of North Africa. (Toronto), 110-137. Tausend, Klaus. "Bemerkungen zum Wandalen einfall des Jahres 271." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (1999): 119-127. Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens. The Five Books of Quintus Sept. Flor. Tertullianus Against Marcion. Vol. 7. Clark, 1868. Mierow, C. Charles, The Gothic History of Jordanes in English Version: With an Introduction and Commentary. Princeton University Press, 1915. Vössing, Konrad. Das Königreich der Vandalen. Verlag Phillip von Zabern in Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014. Wijnendaele, Jeroen WP. The last of the Romans: Bonifatius-warlord and comes Africae, New York, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Willis, James, Martianus Capella. Walter de Gruyter, 2012. Wolfram, Herwig, The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, Berkeley, 1997. Wood, Ian. “Kings, Kingdoms and Consent”, in P. H. Sawyer and Ian Wood (eds.), Early Medieval Kingship,6–29, Leeds, 1977. Yalazı Esra, & Küçüker Sultan Deniz; "Ksenophon’un Oikonomikos adlı eserinde evlilik ve kadına yaklaşım." Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 9.2 (2015): 57-90. Zosimus, Historicus Zosimus. Zosimi comitis exadvocati fisci Historia Nova. Georg Olms Verlag, 2,16,3; Zosimus, Historicus, and Ronald T. Ridley. New history. Australian Assoc. for Byzantine Studies, 1982; 1963.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mert Kozan 0000-0003-0176-0776

Publication Date July 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Kozan, Mert. “VANDAL TARİHİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ: VANDALLARIN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI VE AFRİKA’DA KALICI BİR YURT EDİNMELERİNE KADAR GEÇEN SÜREÇ HAKKINDA GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 14, no. 1 (July 2020): 107-28. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.726561.