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COSTLY INDEPENDENCE FOR OIL-RICH AZERBAIJAN: KHOJALY MASSACRE. WHY COULD IT BE CONSIDERED AS GENOCIDE?

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 147 - 162, 17.12.2018

Abstract

Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti, 18 Ekim 1991'de SSCB'den ayrılarak
bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. Bağımsızlığın başlangıcında, Azerbaycan
topraklarının yüzde yirmisi (Dağlık Karabağ ve çevresi) Ermeni silahlı
kuvvetleri tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Hocalı kentinde, Ermeni askerlerinin
etnik temizlik politikalarını gerçekleştirmek için Azerbaycanlıları katlettiği
bu soykırım Azerbaycan tarihinin en kanlı sayfalarından biriydi. Soykırımın
Önlenmesi Hakkında Birleşmiş Milletler Konvansiyonu'na (1948) ve Roma Statüsüne
(1998) atıfta bulunarak, Hocalı kentinin Ermeni silahlı kuvvetleri tarafından
etnik grupları öldürerek ve bu etnik grupların ortadan kaldırılması hedefiyle
bir grubun çocuklarını zorla başka bir gruba transfer etmek gibi yasadışı işgal
eylemi soykırım olarak düşünülebilir. Makale Ermenistan Hükümeti tarafından işgal
sırasında yapılan acımasız eylemlere odaklanacak ve uluslararası toplumun
Hocalı'da meydana gelen olaya nasıl tepki verdiğini ele alacaktır.

References

  • ALVAREZ, A. (2001). Governments, Citizens and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • AMBROSIO, T. (2002). Congressional Perceptions of Ethnic Cleansing: Reactions to the Nagorno- Karabakh War and the Influence of Ethnic Interest Groups. Review of International Affairs, vol. 2: pp. 24-45,
  • ATUN, A. (2011). Principal actors of Khojaly genocide. International Journal of Academic Research 3(4), 370-373.
  • BAROUK, R. I. (2016). KHOJALY: A Crime Against Humanity. Berkeley: Berkeley Press.
  • BENSON, B. V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
  • BERTSCH, G. (1999). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge.BROWN, M.E. (1996). The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • CHALIAND, G. (1994). The Caucasian Knot: History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabakh. London: Zed Books Ltd.
  • CHARLES, V. L. (2000). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity, a short history. New York : St. Martin's Press.
  • CHETERIAN, V. (2011). War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia's Troubled Frontier. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • CONTRERAS, R. (2016). Murder in the Mountains: War Crime in Khojaly and the Nagorno- Karabakh Conflict. Berkeley: Berkeley Press.
  • CORNELL, S. E. (1998). Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance. Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1).
  • CORNELL, S. (2005). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. London: Routledge.CORNEL, S. E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. London: Routledge.
  • COX, C., and Eibne, J. (1993). Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh. Zürich; Washington: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World.
  • CURTIS, G. E. (1995). Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Country Studies. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress.
  • CROISSANT, M. P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • DUNN, D. H. (2009). Innovation and precedent in the Kosovo war: the impact of Operation Allied Force on US foreign policy. International Affairs 85(3) (2009): 531-46.
  • DE WAAL, T. (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: NYU Press.
  • DENBER, R. (1992). Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno- Karabakh. New York: Helsinki Watch, pp. 19–21.
  • GEUKJIAN, O. (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus. Surrey: Ashgate.
  • GHOLTZ, T. (1998). Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-rich, War-torn, Post- Soviet Republic. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Press.
  • GOKAY, B.(2003). The Politics of Caspian Oil. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • GRIFFIN, N. (2004). Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 185–186.
  • HAKOBYAN, T. (2010). Khojaly: The Moment of Truth. Yerevan: Armenian Cause Foundation.
  • HEYDAROV, T. (2014). Khojaly Witness of a war crime: Armenia in the Dock. London: Ithaca Press.
  • HOGE, J. F. (2010). The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate. Council on Foreign Relations. p.17.
  • JAMES, M J. (1984). Raphael Lemkin and the Invention of Genocide. The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 1: 19-34.
  • JONES, A. (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • KARAGIANNIS, E. (2002). Energy and Security in the Caucasus. London: RoutledgeCurzon
  • KAMY, Y. (2000). Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory. New York: Douglas & McIntyre.
  • KAUFMAN, S. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. pp. 49–66.
  • KIERNAN, B. (2009). Blood and Soil. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • LEMKIN, R. (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • NOTHOLT, S. (2008). Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict. London: Troubador Publishing Ltd.
  • MAHMUDOV, Y. (2005). Garabagh: Real History, Facts, Documents. Baku: Tahsil Publishing House.
  • MELKONIAN, M. (2006). My brother's road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • MCCARTHY, J., and MCCARTHY. C. (1989). TURKS AND ARMENIANS. A Manual on the Armenian Question. Washington DC: Assembly of Turkish American Associations.
  • MIRSKY, G.I. (1997). On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • NOVRUZOGLU, R. (2006). Genosid. Baku: Adiloglu.
  • PETROSIAN, D. (2000). What Are the Reasons for Armenians' Success in the Military Phase of the Karabakh Conflict? Noyan Tapan Highlights.
  • POPESCU, N. (2010). EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention. London:Routledge.
  • SEYIDOV, M. (2010). Armenian Vandalism. Novosibirsk: OOO Printing.
  • SERVER, S. A. (2008). The Genocide of Truth. Istanbul: Istanbul Commerce University.
  • SHAIN, Y., and AHARON, B. (2003). Diasporas and International Relations. International Organization 57 (3), pp. 449-479.
  • TOTTEN, S., and WILLIAM, S. P. (2004). Century of Genocide. New York: Routledge.
  • TRUSCOTT, P. (1997). Russia First: Breaking with the West. London: Tauris Publ. p. 74.
  • TSERTISIVADZE, F. (2005). The Forgotten Genocide. New York: Adegi Press.
  • TURKKAYA, A. (1985). A British Report (1895): The Armenians Unmasked. Ankara: Ankara University
  • WALKER, J. C. (1996). The Armenian presence in mountainous Karabakh. In Wright F. R. John, Goldenberg Suzanne and Schofield Richard (eds.) Transcaucasian boundaries. London: UCL Press.
  • YAGUBLU, N. (1992). Khojaly Massacre. Baku: Azerbaijan Press.
  • ZURCHER, C. (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. New York: New York University Press.

COSTLY INDEPENDENCE FOR OIL-RICH AZERBAIJAN: KHOJALY MASSACRE. WHY COULD IT BE CONSIDERED AS GENOCIDE?

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 147 - 162, 17.12.2018

Abstract

Republic of Azerbaijan gained its independence on October 18, 1991 from the USSR. During the beginning of its independence twenty percent of Azerbaijani territories (Nagorno-Karabakh and its surrounding regions) were occupied by Armenian armed forces. The genocide in Khojaly town was one of the bloodiest pages in Azerbaijani history, where Armenian troops massacred Azerbaijanis in order to achieve their ethnic cleansing policies. Referring to the United Nation Convention on the Prevention of the Punishment of Genocide (1948) and the Rome Statute (1998) it can be defined that the act of the illegal occupation of Khojaly by the Armenian armed forces by killing ethnic groups and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group with a goal to eliminate could be considered as genocide. The paper will focus on the brutal actions done by Armenian Government during its occupation and address how international community responds to the event occurred in Khojaly. 

References

  • ALVAREZ, A. (2001). Governments, Citizens and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • AMBROSIO, T. (2002). Congressional Perceptions of Ethnic Cleansing: Reactions to the Nagorno- Karabakh War and the Influence of Ethnic Interest Groups. Review of International Affairs, vol. 2: pp. 24-45,
  • ATUN, A. (2011). Principal actors of Khojaly genocide. International Journal of Academic Research 3(4), 370-373.
  • BAROUK, R. I. (2016). KHOJALY: A Crime Against Humanity. Berkeley: Berkeley Press.
  • BENSON, B. V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
  • BERTSCH, G. (1999). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge.BROWN, M.E. (1996). The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • CHALIAND, G. (1994). The Caucasian Knot: History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabakh. London: Zed Books Ltd.
  • CHARLES, V. L. (2000). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity, a short history. New York : St. Martin's Press.
  • CHETERIAN, V. (2011). War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia's Troubled Frontier. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • CONTRERAS, R. (2016). Murder in the Mountains: War Crime in Khojaly and the Nagorno- Karabakh Conflict. Berkeley: Berkeley Press.
  • CORNELL, S. E. (1998). Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance. Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1).
  • CORNELL, S. (2005). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. London: Routledge.CORNEL, S. E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. London: Routledge.
  • COX, C., and Eibne, J. (1993). Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh. Zürich; Washington: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World.
  • CURTIS, G. E. (1995). Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Country Studies. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress.
  • CROISSANT, M. P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • DUNN, D. H. (2009). Innovation and precedent in the Kosovo war: the impact of Operation Allied Force on US foreign policy. International Affairs 85(3) (2009): 531-46.
  • DE WAAL, T. (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: NYU Press.
  • DENBER, R. (1992). Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno- Karabakh. New York: Helsinki Watch, pp. 19–21.
  • GEUKJIAN, O. (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus. Surrey: Ashgate.
  • GHOLTZ, T. (1998). Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-rich, War-torn, Post- Soviet Republic. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Press.
  • GOKAY, B.(2003). The Politics of Caspian Oil. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • GRIFFIN, N. (2004). Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 185–186.
  • HAKOBYAN, T. (2010). Khojaly: The Moment of Truth. Yerevan: Armenian Cause Foundation.
  • HEYDAROV, T. (2014). Khojaly Witness of a war crime: Armenia in the Dock. London: Ithaca Press.
  • HOGE, J. F. (2010). The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate. Council on Foreign Relations. p.17.
  • JAMES, M J. (1984). Raphael Lemkin and the Invention of Genocide. The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 1: 19-34.
  • JONES, A. (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • KARAGIANNIS, E. (2002). Energy and Security in the Caucasus. London: RoutledgeCurzon
  • KAMY, Y. (2000). Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory. New York: Douglas & McIntyre.
  • KAUFMAN, S. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. pp. 49–66.
  • KIERNAN, B. (2009). Blood and Soil. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • LEMKIN, R. (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • NOTHOLT, S. (2008). Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict. London: Troubador Publishing Ltd.
  • MAHMUDOV, Y. (2005). Garabagh: Real History, Facts, Documents. Baku: Tahsil Publishing House.
  • MELKONIAN, M. (2006). My brother's road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • MCCARTHY, J., and MCCARTHY. C. (1989). TURKS AND ARMENIANS. A Manual on the Armenian Question. Washington DC: Assembly of Turkish American Associations.
  • MIRSKY, G.I. (1997). On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • NOVRUZOGLU, R. (2006). Genosid. Baku: Adiloglu.
  • PETROSIAN, D. (2000). What Are the Reasons for Armenians' Success in the Military Phase of the Karabakh Conflict? Noyan Tapan Highlights.
  • POPESCU, N. (2010). EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention. London:Routledge.
  • SEYIDOV, M. (2010). Armenian Vandalism. Novosibirsk: OOO Printing.
  • SERVER, S. A. (2008). The Genocide of Truth. Istanbul: Istanbul Commerce University.
  • SHAIN, Y., and AHARON, B. (2003). Diasporas and International Relations. International Organization 57 (3), pp. 449-479.
  • TOTTEN, S., and WILLIAM, S. P. (2004). Century of Genocide. New York: Routledge.
  • TRUSCOTT, P. (1997). Russia First: Breaking with the West. London: Tauris Publ. p. 74.
  • TSERTISIVADZE, F. (2005). The Forgotten Genocide. New York: Adegi Press.
  • TURKKAYA, A. (1985). A British Report (1895): The Armenians Unmasked. Ankara: Ankara University
  • WALKER, J. C. (1996). The Armenian presence in mountainous Karabakh. In Wright F. R. John, Goldenberg Suzanne and Schofield Richard (eds.) Transcaucasian boundaries. London: UCL Press.
  • YAGUBLU, N. (1992). Khojaly Massacre. Baku: Azerbaijan Press.
  • ZURCHER, C. (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. New York: New York University Press.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Anar Muradov 0000-0002-5259-4424

Publication Date December 17, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Muradov, A. (2018). COSTLY INDEPENDENCE FOR OIL-RICH AZERBAIJAN: KHOJALY MASSACRE. WHY COULD IT BE CONSIDERED AS GENOCIDE?. Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(3), 147-162.

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