EFFECT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HONEYBEES (APIS MELLİFERA L.)

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 39 - 47, 27.06.2024

Veli Acar

Abstract

Pesticides are chemicals that represent a wide variety of chemical compounds such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and plant growth regulators, are widely used throughout the world, and are in the second group after fertilizers in terms of quantity. Pesticides harm not only pollinators but also the entire environment and natural life. Honey bees are the most economically important pollinator insects around the world. Due to a deficiency in the number of genes encoding detoxification enzymes, honeybees are much more sensitive to toxins than other insects. For this reason, farmers' application of pesticides during the flowering period of plants has great destructive effects on bees. In order to make the beekeeping sector
sustainable, farmers engaged in crop production and beekeepers should communicate among themselves. It is very important to move the hives or close the flight holes at the time of pesticide application.

Keywords

Honeybee, Pesticide, Honey, Pollen, Toxin

PESTİSİT KULLANIMININ BALARILARI (APİS MELLİFERA L.)ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Abstract

Pestisit, insektisitler, herbisitler, fungisitler ve bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri gibi çok çeşitli kimyasal bileşikleri ifade eden, dünya genelinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan, miktar bakımından gübrelerden sonra ikinci grupta yer alan kimyasallardır. Pestisitler sadece polinatörlere değil tüm çevreye ve doğal yaşama zarar vermektedir. Bal arıları, tüm dünyada ekonomik açıdan en önemli tozlayıcı böceklerdir. Detoksifikasyon enzimlerini kodlayan genlerin sayısındaki eksiklik nedeniyle, bal arıları toksinlere karşı diğer böceklere göre çok daha hassastır. Bu nedenle, çiftçilerin, bitkilerin çiçeklenme döneminde pestisit uygulamaları arılar üzerinde oldukça büyük yıkıcı etkileri olmaktadır. Arıcılık sektörünü sürdürülebilir kılmak için, bitkisel üretim yapan çiftçiler ile arıcılar kendi aralarında iletişim içerisinde olmalıdır. Pestisit uygulama zamanında kovanların taşınması veya uçuş deliklerinin kapatılması oldukça önemlidir.

Keywords

Balarısı, Pestisit, Bal, Polen, Toksin

References

• Ajayi, O. C., Akinnifesi, F. K., & Essays. (2007). Farmers’ understanding of pesticide safety labels and field spraying practices: a case study of cotton farmers in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Scientific Research, 2(6), 204-210. Amulen, D. R., Spanoghe, P., Houbraken, M., Tamale, A., de Graaf, D. C., Cross, P., & Smagghe, G. (2017). Environmental contaminants of honeybee products in Uganda detected using LC-MS/MS and GC-ECD. PloS one, 12(6), e0178546.
• Askale, A., Malede, B., Yitayew, D., & Ayalew, N. (2017). Major constraints and mitigation schemes for declining honey bee population in Ethiopia. Nat Sci, 15, 27-33.
• Atreya, K. (2007). Pesticide use knowledge and practices: A gender differences in Nepal. Environmental Research, 104(2), 305-311.
• Begna, D. (2015). Assessment of pesticides use and its economic impact on the apiculture subsector in selected districts of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Analytical Toxicology5(3), 1.
• Berenbaum, M. R. (2009). " The birds and the bees"-how pollinators help maintain healthy ecosystems. In Honey Bees: Colony Collapse Disorder and Pollinator Role in Ecosystems (pp. 189-195): Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
• Bogdanov, S., Haldimann, M., Luginbühl, W., & Gallmann, P. (2007). Minerals in honey: environmental, geographical and botanical aspects. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(4), 269-275.
• Bortolotti, L., Sabatini, A. G., Mutinelli, F., Astuti, M., Lavazza, A., Piro, R., . . . Porrini, C. (2009). Spring honey bee losses in Italy. Julius-Kühn-Archiv(423), 148-152.
• Brandt, A., Gorenflo, A., Siede, R., Meixner, M., & Büchler, R. (2016). The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of insect physiology, 86, 40-47.
• Cardoza, Y. J., Harris, G. K., & Grozinger, C. M. (2012). Effects of soil quality enhancement on pollinator-plant interactions. Psyche: a journal of entomology, 2012, 1-8.
• Chakrabarti, P., Rana, S., Sarkar, S., Smith, B., & Basu, P. (2015). Pesticide-induced oxidative stress in laboratory and field populations of native honey bees along intensive agricultural landscapes in two Eastern Indian states. Apidologie, 46, 107-129.
• Chauzat, M.-P., Faucon, J.-P., Martel, A.-C., Lachaize, J., Cougoule, N., & Aubert, M. (2006). A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France. Journal of economic entomology, 99(2), 253-262.
• Claudianos, C., Ranson, H., Johnson, R., Biswas, S., Schuler, M., Berenbaum, M., . . . Oakeshott, J. G. (2006). A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. Insect molecular biology, 15(5), 615-636.
• Desneux, N., Decourtye, A., & Delpuech, J.-M. (2007). The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 52, 81-106.
• Devkota, K., Dhakal, S. C., & Thapa, R. B. (2016). Economics of beekeeping as pollination management practices adopted by farmers in Chitwan district of Nepal. Agriculture Food Security 5, 1-6.
• Di Prisco, G., Cavaliere, V., Annoscia, D., Varricchio, P., Caprio, E., Nazzi, F., . . . Pennacchio, F. (2013). Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 18466-18471.
• Fischer, J., Müller, T., Spatz, A.-K., Greggers, U., Grünewald, B., & Menzel, R. (2014). Neonicotinoids interfere with specific components of navigation in honeybees. PLoS one, 9(3), e91364. Frazier, M., Mullin, C., Frazier, J., & Ashcraft, S. (2008). What have pesticides got to do with it? American Bee Journal, 148(6), 521-524.
• Gill, R. J., Ramos-Rodriguez, O., & Raine, N. E. (2012). Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual-and colony-level traits in bees. Nature, 491(7422), 105-108.
• Girma, M., Ballo, S., Tegegne, A., Alemayehu, N., & Belayhun, L. (2008). Approaches, Methods and Processes for innovative apiculture development: Experience from Ada'a-Liben wereda, Oromiya, Ethiopia. Retrieved from
• Godifey, G., Bezabeh, A., Mazengia, H., & Tesfay, Y. (2018). Beekeeping management practices and gap analysis of beekeepers at different agro-ecological zones of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension Rural Development, 10(12), 260-271.
• Kalayou, H., & Amare, A. (2015). Assessment of pesticide use, practice and environmental effects on the small holder farmers in the North Shoa Zone of Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia. Res. J. Agric. Environ. Sci, 2, 16-24.
• Kerealem, E., Tilahun, G., & Preston, T. (2009). Constraints and prospects for apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(10).
• Klein, A.-M., Vaissière, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C., & Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the royal society B: biological sciences, 274(1608), 303-313.
• Krupke, C. H., Hunt, G. J., Eitzer, B. D., Andino, G., & Given, K. (2012). Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields. PLoS one, 7(1), e29268.
• Le Conte, Y., & Navajas, M. (2008). Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties, 27(2), 499-510.
• Maini, S., Medrzycki, P., & Porrini, C. (2010). The puzzle of honey bee losses: a brief review. Bulletin of Insectology, 63(1), 153-160.
• Martel, A.-C., Zeggane, S., Aurières, C., Drajnudel, P., Faucon, J.-P., & Aubert, M. (2007). Acaricide residues in honey and wax after treatment of honey bee colonies with Apivar or Asuntol 50. Apidologie, 38(6), 534-544.
• Melisie, D., Damte, T., & Thakur, A. (2016a). Farmers’ insecticide use practice and its effect on honeybees (Apis mellifera) foraging on onion flower in Adami Tullu district of Ethiopia. Glob. J Pests Dis Crop Prot, 4(1), 139-145.
• Mengistu, M. Z., & Beyene, T. J. (2014). Beekeeping in Ethiopia a case of agrochemical use in West Gojjam Zone. Bee World, 91(1), 8-11.
• Mengistu, M. Z., & Beyene, T. J. B. W. (2014). Beekeeping in Ethiopia a case of agrochemical use in West Gojjam Zone. 91(1), 8-11.
• Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., . . . Masiga, D. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PLoS one, 9(4), e94459.
• Mullin, C. A., Frazier, M., Frazier, J. L., Ashcraft, S., Simonds, R., VanEngelsdorp, D., & Pettis, J. S. (2010). High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health. PLoS one, 5(3), e9754.
• Ortelli, D., Edder, P., & Corvi, C. (2004). Multiresidue analysis of 74 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 520(1-2), 33-45.
• Ostiguy, N., & Eitzer, B. (2014). Overwintered brood comb honey: colony exposure to pesticide residues. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(3), 413-421.
• Pistorius, J., Wehner, A., Kriszan, M., Bargen, H., Knaebe, S., Klein, O., . . . Heimbach, U. (2015). Application of predefined doses of neonicotinoid containing dusts in field trials and acute effects on honey bees. Bulletin of Insectology, 68(2), 161-172.
• Pohorecka, K., Szczęsna, T., Witek, M., Miszczak, A., & Sikorski, P. (2017). The exposure of honey bees to pesticide residues in the hive environment with regard to winter colony losses. Journal of Apicultural Science, 61(1), 105-125.
• Porrini, C., Mutinelli, F., Bortolotti, L., Granato, A., Laurenson, L., Roberts, K., . . . Renzi, T. (2016). The status of honey bee health in Italy: Results from the nationwide bee monitoring network. PLoS one, 11(5), e0155411.
• Rader, R., Howlett, B. G., Cunningham, S. A., Westcott, D. A., Newstrom‐Lloyd, L. E., Walker, M. K., . . . Edwards, W. (2009). Alternative pollinator taxa are equally efficient but not as effective as the honeybee in a mass flowering crop. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(5), 1080-1087.
• Roubik, D. W. (2018). pollination of cultivated plants: a compendium for practitioners. V. 2.
• Schneider, C. W., Tautz, J., Grünewald, B., & Fuchs, S. (2012). RFID tracking of sublethal effects of two neonicotinoid insecticides on the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera. PLoS one, 7(1), e30023. Simon-Delso, N., San Martin, G., Bruneau, E., Minsart, L.-A., Mouret, C., & Hautier, L. J. P. o. (2014). Honeybee colony disorder in crop areas: the role of pesticides and viruses. PloS one 9(7), e103073. Stokstad, E. (2013). Pesticides under fire for risks to pollinators. In: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
• Stokstad, E., & Grullon, G. (2013). Infographic: pesticide planet. Science, 341(6147), 730-731.
• Tomé, H. V. V., Martins, G. F., Lima, M. A. P., Campos, L. A. O., & Guedes, R. N. C. (2012). Imidacloprid-induced impairment of mushroom bodies and behavior of the native stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. PLoS one, 7(6), e38406.
• Valdovinos-Flores, C., Alcantar-Rosales, V. M., Gaspar-Ramírez, O., Saldaña-Loza, L. M., & Dorantes-Ugalde, J. A. (2017). Agricultural pesticide residues in honey and wax combs from Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(5), 667-679.
• Wiest, L., Buleté, A., Giroud, B., Fratta, C., Amic, S., Lambert, O., . . . Arnaudguilhem, C. (2011). Multi-residue analysis of 80 environmental contaminants in honeys, honeybees and pollens by one extraction procedure followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(34), 5743-5756.
• Williamson, S. M., & Wright, G. A. (2013). Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(10), 1799-1807.