Research Article
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SAĞLIK POLİTİKALARININ EVRİMİ: TOPLUM SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ VE GELECEK VİZYONU

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 44 - 54, 28.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.71230/arsagbil.1635037

Abstract

Bu çalışma, sağlık politikalarının 20. yüzyılın başından günümüze kadar olan tarihsel evrimini Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler odağında incelemektedir. Farklı dönemlerde izlenen sağlık politikalarının halk sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilerek, sağlık hizmetlerine erişim, eşitlik ve sürdürülebilirlik bağlamındaki dönüşümleri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada, evrensel sağlık hizmeti kapsamı, kamu-özel iş birlikleri ve dijital sağlık çözümleri gibi temel politika bileşenleri nitel ve karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemiyle ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, farklı ülkelerdeki sağlık politikalarının tarihsel gelişimi, günümüzün küresel sağlık sorunlarıyla başa çıkma kapasiteleri açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları, sağlık politikalarının özellikle evrensel sağlık kapsamının yaygınlaştırılması ve bulaşıcı hastalıkların kontrolü konularında önemli başarılar elde ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yaygın aşılama programlarının uygulanması, birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin artırılması ve kamu tarafından finanse edilen sağlık sistemlerinin artması, halk sağlığına olumlu katkılar sunmuştur. Dijital sağlık çözümleri kapsamında ise, uzaktan sağlık hizmetlerinin artması (tele-sağlık) ve elektronik sağlık kayıtlarının yaygınlaşması, sağlık sistemlerinde verimliliği artırmıştır. Bu sistemler, özellikle kırsal bölgelerde sağlık hizmetlerine erişimi artırmış, bekleme sürelerini azaltmış ve hasta yönetimi süreçlerini geliştirmiştir. Ancak, sağlık harcamalarının artışı, finansal sürdürülebilirlik sorunları, bölgesel eşitsizlikler ve pandemi gibi krizlere karşı sistemlerin dayanıklılığı gibi yapısal zorluklar sürmektedir. Gelecekteki sağlık politikalarının yapay zekâ temelli yönetim sistemleri, büyük veri analitiği ve geliştirilmiş evrensel sağlık iş birlikleri çerçevesinde şekillenmesi beklenmektedir. İklim değişikliği, demografik dönüşümler ve gelecekteki olası küresel sağlık krizleri, politika tasarımında göz önünde bulundurulması gereken temel etmenlerdir. Bu çalışma, sağlık politikalarının halk sağlığı üzerindeki kapsamlı etkilerini değerlendirerek, daha kapsayıcı, sürdürülebilir ve eşitlikçi bir sağlık sistemi vizyonunu desteklemektedir.

References

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The Evolution Of Health Policies: Their Impact On Public Health And Future Vision

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 44 - 54, 28.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.71230/arsagbil.1635037

Abstract

This study explores the historical evolution of health policies from the early 20th century to the present, with a particular focus on Europe, North America, and developing countries. It analyzes how health policies have transformed over time to influence public health outcomes, particularly in terms of access, equity, and sustainability in healthcare delivery. Using qualitative and comparative analysis methods, the study investigates key policy components including universal health coverage, public-private partnerships, and digital health innovations. It also compares the historical progression of health policies in various countries with their ability to address current global health challenges. The findings emphasize the notable successes of health policies in expanding universal healthcare access and controlling infectious diseases. The implementation of widespread vaccination programs, improved accessibility to primary healthcare services, and the expansion of publicly funded health systems have all significantly contributed to better public health outcomes. Digital health solutions, such as the expansion of telehealth services and the adoption of electronic health records, have improved healthcare efficiency by reducing wait times, enhancing access in rural areas, and streamlining patient management processes. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including rising healthcare costs, financial sustainability concerns, regional disparities, and the need for resilient health systems in the face of pandemics and other crises. Looking ahead, the trajectory of health policy will be shaped by artificial intelligence–driven management systems, big data analytics, and enhanced global health collaborations. Policymakers must take into account climate change, demographic shifts, and future global health emergencies when designing effective strategies. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the influence of health policies on public health and advocates for a more inclusive, sustainable, and equitable healthcare system.

References

  • 1. Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D. and World Health Organization. (2013). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability. Harvard School of Public Health.
  • 2. Porter, D. (1999). Health, civilization and the state: A history of public health from ancient to modern times. Routledge.
  • 3. McKee, M., Haines, A., Ebi, K.L. and Venkatapuram, S. (2020). Health systems resilience in the face of COVID-19 pandemic: International perspectives. BMJ Global Health, 5(4), e002610.
  • 4. World Health Organization. (2018). Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2018 global monitoring report. WHO.
  • 5. Frenk, J. and Moon, S. (2013). Governance challenges in global health. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(10), 936-942.
  • 6. Kickbusch, I. and Gleicher, D. (2012). Governance for health in the 21st century. World Health Organization.
  • 7. Gostin, L.O. and Wiley, L.F. (2020). Public health law: Power, duty, restraint (3rd ed.). University of California Press.
  • 8. Topol, E.J. (2019). Deep medicine: How artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again. Basic Books.
  • 9. Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M.A., Topol, E. and Van Spall, H.G.C. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435-e440.
  • 10. Garrett, L. (2017). The challenge of global health. In Global health (pp. 525-548). Routledge.
  • 11. World Medical Association. (2013). WMA declaration of Helsinki – Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
  • 12. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Goldblatt, P., Boyce, T., McNeish, D., Grady, M. and Geddes, I. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot review 10 years on. BMJ Global Health, 368. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10106434/
  • 13. Kruk, M.E., Gage, A.D., Arsenault, C., Jordan, K., Leslie, H.H., Roder-DeWan, S. and Pate, M. (2018). High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: Time for a revolution. The Lancet Global Health, 6(11), e1196-e1252.
  • 14. Reeves, A., Basu, S., McKee, M., Marmot, M. and Stuckler, D. (2013). The political economy of austerity and healthcare: Cross-national analysis of expenditure changes in 27 European nations 1995–2011. The Lancet, 382(9890), 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61030-3
  • 15. Marmot, M. and Allen, J. (2014). Social determinants of health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(S4), S517-S519.
  • 16. Navarro, V. (2007). Neoliberalism, globalization, and inequalities: Consequences for health and quality of life. Social Science and Medicine, 64(2), 335-345.
  • 17. Birn, A.E., Pillay, Y. and Holtz, T.H. (2009). Textbook of international health: Global health in a dynamic world. Oxford University Press.
  • 18. Waitzkin, H. (2011). Medicine and public health at the end of empire. Routledge.
  • 19. Birn, A.-E., Pillay, Y. and Holtz, T.H. (2009). Textbook of global health (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • 20. Starfield, B. (1998). Primary care: Balancing health needs, services, and technology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • 21. Cueto, M. (2004). The origins of primary health care and selective primary health care. American Journal of Public Health, 94(11), 1864-1874.
  • 22. World Health Organization. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR. https://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration
  • 23. Buse, K. and Hawkes, S. (2015). Health in the sustainable development goals: Ready for a paradigm shift?. Globalization and Health, 11, 1-8.
  • 24. Keesara, S., Jonas, A. and Schulman, K. (2020). Covid-19 and health care’s digital revolution. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(23), e82.
  • 25. Hogan, D.R., Stevens, G.A., Hosseinpoor, A.R. and Boerma, T. (2018). Monitoring universal health coverage within the Sustainable Development Goals: Development and baseline data for an index of essential health services. The Lancet Global Health, 6(2), e152-e168.
  • 26. Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M. and Costello, A. (2018). The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Shaping the health of nations for centuries to come. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2479-2514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32594-7
  • 27. Haines, A. and Ebi, K. (2019). The imperative for climate action to protect health. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(3), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1807873
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Promotion, Digital Health, Health Care Administration, Health Management
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Canan Bulut 0000-0001-5092-5261

Publication Date August 28, 2025
Submission Date February 7, 2025
Acceptance Date March 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bulut, C. (2025). The Evolution Of Health Policies: Their Impact On Public Health And Future Vision. Arel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.71230/arsagbil.1635037

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