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Kêmneteweyek li Hevberdana Nasnameyên Dînî û Etnîkî li Iraqê: Şebek

Year 2025, Issue: 20, 16 - 28, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35859/artuklukurdology.1739741

Abstract

Armanca vê lêkolînê ew e ku jiyana civakî û siyasî ya civaka Şebek, ku komeke kêmneteweyî ye li Iraqê dijî, lêkolîn bike. Şebek komeke etno-dînî ne ku li Iraqê dijîn, û bi giranî bi taybetmendiyên xwe yên dînî, ne bi paşxaneya xwe ya etnîkî têne cudakirin. Mîna civakên etnîkî û dînî yên ne-Ereb ên din ên li Iraqê, Şebek rastî cudakarî, zext û koçberiya bi zorê hatine. Lêkolîn vedikole ka vegotinên dîrokî yên civaka Şebek çawa bi demê re hatine avakirin û veguheztin. Gotar, ronî dike ka Şebek çawa karîne nasnameya xwe ya dînî û etnîkî di nav avahiya civakî ya tevlihev a herêma ku lê dijîn biparêzin. Wekî din, zehmetiyên ku Şebek di dema êrîşên DAIŞê de ku di sala 2014an de dest pê kirin, bi awayekî berfireh di gotarê da hatine nirxandin. Di encamê de, civaka Şebek ji ber ku her tim di bin siya pevçûnên etnîkî û dînî yên berdewam de ye, ji bo bidestxistina armancên xwe yên siyasî têkoşiyaye. Daneyên ji bo vê lêkolînê bi rêya nirxandineke lîteraturî hatine berhevkirin, û analîzek giştî ya civaka Şebek li hatiye kirin.

References

  • Abdulhadi, M. (2017). El-şebek fi’l Iraq. Master Tezi, Kadisiye Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Iraq.
  • Al Lami, M. (2014). Iraq: The minorities of Nineveh. BBC Newa, erişim: 26.12.2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (1998). A Kizilbash community in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Shabak. Les annals de l’autre Islam 5.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (2005). Kürtlük, Türklük, Alevilik: etnik ve dinsel kimlik mücadeleleri (6. Baskı). H. Yurdakul (Çev.), İletişim Yayınları.
  • Centre for Religious Pluralism in the Middle East (CRPME). (2016). Untying The Knots Of Religious Diversity In Iraqi Kurdistan: Deploying Pluralism Against Barbarism II, Special Report. https://cemmis.edu.gr/index.php/publications/crpme-reports/item/609-crpme-special-report-no-2-untying-the-knots-of-religious-diversity-in-iraqi-kurdistan-deploying-pluralism-against-barbarism
  • Dehqan, M. (2008). A Shabak contemporary polemic against the Yezidi religion. Oriente Moderno, 88 (1), 200–204.
  • Edmonds, C. J. (1967). A pilgrimage to Lalish. Cambridge: The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, The University Press.
  • Enabling Peace İn İraq Center (EPIC). (December 13, 2019). Iraq’s Shabaks and the search for land rights and representation. Safe Return, an interview with Hussein al-Shabaki, a member of the Free Shabaab Movement, conducted by EPIC.
  • Human Rights Watch (1995). Iraq’s crime of genocide: The Anfal campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Human Rights Watch (2009). On Vulnerable Ground – Violence Against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories. New York, USA.
  • Kakeî, H. (2014). Mewlûdnamey peyghember bi zarawî Shebek. Duhok: Enstîtûya Kelepûrê Kurdî.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. & Omarkhali, K. (2021). Kurdish religious minorities in the modern world. in H. Bozarslan, C. Güneş ve V. Yadırgı (Ed.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 707-728ç doi:10.1017/9781108623711.029
  • Leezenberg, M. (1994). The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan. ILLC – Department of Humanities, University of Amsterdam.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2014). The end of heterodoxy? The Shabak in post-Saddam Iraq. Studies in Oriental Religions, 68, 247-268.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2018). Transformations in minority religious leadership: The Yezidis, Shabak, and Assyrians in Northern Iraq. Sociology of Islam, 6(2), 233-260. https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00602005
  • Mallon, E. D. (2017). Connections: Religious minorities in the middle: Shabak. Ph.D Thesis, CNEWA. https://cnewa.org/cnewa-connections-religious-minorities-in-the-middle-east-part-2-the-shabak-53928/
  • Middle East Watch (MEW) (2003). Irak’ta soykırım: Kürtlere karşı yürütülen enfal askeri harekâtı. Human rights watch departmanı, Ü. Aydoğmuş (Çev.), Avesta Yayınları.
  • Moosa, M. (1987). Extremist Shiites: The ghulat sects. Syracuse University Press.
  • Omarkhali, K. (Ed.) (2014). Religious minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the mainstream. Studies on oriental religions, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden.
  • Sykes, M. (1908). The Kurdish tribes of the Ottoman Empire. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, (38), 451–486.
  • Taşğın, A. (2009). Irak’ta Bektaşî topluluğu Şebekler. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, (52), 127-143.
  • Zoonen, V. D. & Wirya, K. (2017). The Shabaks: Perceptions of reconciliation and conflict. Middle East Research Institute (MERI) Report. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13631
  • Vinogradov, A. (1974). Ethnicity, cultural discontinuity and power brokers in northern Iraq: The case of the Shabak. American Ethnologist, 1(1), 207–18.
  • Zeki Beg, M. E. (2018). Kürtler ve kürdistan tarihi (11. Baskı). V. İnce, M. Dag, R. Adak ve Ş. Aslan (Çev.), Nûbihar Yayınları.

A Minority at the Intersection of Religious and Ethnic Identities in Iraq: Shabaks

Year 2025, Issue: 20, 16 - 28, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35859/artuklukurdology.1739741

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the social and political life of the Shabak community, which is a minority group living in Iraq. Shabaks are an ethno-religious group residing in Iraq, distinguished primarily by their religious characteristics rather than their ethnic background. Like other non-Arab ethnic and religious communities in Iraq, Shabaks have been subjected to discrimination, oppression, and forced migration. The study explores how the historical narratives of the Shabak community have been constructed and transmitted over time. It sheds light on how Shabaks have managed to preserve their religious and ethnic identity within the complex social structure of their region in which they live. Additionally, the challenges faced by the Shabaks during the ISIS attacks, which began in 2014, are examined in broad terms. In conclusion, the Shabak community has struggled to achieve its political aspirations due to being perpetually overshadowed by ongoing ethnic and religious conflicts. The data for this research were collected through a literature review, and a general analysis of the Shabak community was conducted based on the findings obtained from the literature studies.

References

  • Abdulhadi, M. (2017). El-şebek fi’l Iraq. Master Tezi, Kadisiye Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Iraq.
  • Al Lami, M. (2014). Iraq: The minorities of Nineveh. BBC Newa, erişim: 26.12.2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (1998). A Kizilbash community in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Shabak. Les annals de l’autre Islam 5.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (2005). Kürtlük, Türklük, Alevilik: etnik ve dinsel kimlik mücadeleleri (6. Baskı). H. Yurdakul (Çev.), İletişim Yayınları.
  • Centre for Religious Pluralism in the Middle East (CRPME). (2016). Untying The Knots Of Religious Diversity In Iraqi Kurdistan: Deploying Pluralism Against Barbarism II, Special Report. https://cemmis.edu.gr/index.php/publications/crpme-reports/item/609-crpme-special-report-no-2-untying-the-knots-of-religious-diversity-in-iraqi-kurdistan-deploying-pluralism-against-barbarism
  • Dehqan, M. (2008). A Shabak contemporary polemic against the Yezidi religion. Oriente Moderno, 88 (1), 200–204.
  • Edmonds, C. J. (1967). A pilgrimage to Lalish. Cambridge: The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, The University Press.
  • Enabling Peace İn İraq Center (EPIC). (December 13, 2019). Iraq’s Shabaks and the search for land rights and representation. Safe Return, an interview with Hussein al-Shabaki, a member of the Free Shabaab Movement, conducted by EPIC.
  • Human Rights Watch (1995). Iraq’s crime of genocide: The Anfal campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Human Rights Watch (2009). On Vulnerable Ground – Violence Against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories. New York, USA.
  • Kakeî, H. (2014). Mewlûdnamey peyghember bi zarawî Shebek. Duhok: Enstîtûya Kelepûrê Kurdî.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. & Omarkhali, K. (2021). Kurdish religious minorities in the modern world. in H. Bozarslan, C. Güneş ve V. Yadırgı (Ed.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 707-728ç doi:10.1017/9781108623711.029
  • Leezenberg, M. (1994). The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan. ILLC – Department of Humanities, University of Amsterdam.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2014). The end of heterodoxy? The Shabak in post-Saddam Iraq. Studies in Oriental Religions, 68, 247-268.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2018). Transformations in minority religious leadership: The Yezidis, Shabak, and Assyrians in Northern Iraq. Sociology of Islam, 6(2), 233-260. https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00602005
  • Mallon, E. D. (2017). Connections: Religious minorities in the middle: Shabak. Ph.D Thesis, CNEWA. https://cnewa.org/cnewa-connections-religious-minorities-in-the-middle-east-part-2-the-shabak-53928/
  • Middle East Watch (MEW) (2003). Irak’ta soykırım: Kürtlere karşı yürütülen enfal askeri harekâtı. Human rights watch departmanı, Ü. Aydoğmuş (Çev.), Avesta Yayınları.
  • Moosa, M. (1987). Extremist Shiites: The ghulat sects. Syracuse University Press.
  • Omarkhali, K. (Ed.) (2014). Religious minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the mainstream. Studies on oriental religions, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden.
  • Sykes, M. (1908). The Kurdish tribes of the Ottoman Empire. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, (38), 451–486.
  • Taşğın, A. (2009). Irak’ta Bektaşî topluluğu Şebekler. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, (52), 127-143.
  • Zoonen, V. D. & Wirya, K. (2017). The Shabaks: Perceptions of reconciliation and conflict. Middle East Research Institute (MERI) Report. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13631
  • Vinogradov, A. (1974). Ethnicity, cultural discontinuity and power brokers in northern Iraq: The case of the Shabak. American Ethnologist, 1(1), 207–18.
  • Zeki Beg, M. E. (2018). Kürtler ve kürdistan tarihi (11. Baskı). V. İnce, M. Dag, R. Adak ve Ş. Aslan (Çev.), Nûbihar Yayınları.

Irak’ta Dinî ve Etnik Kimliklerin Kesişiminde Bir Azınlık: Şebekler

Year 2025, Issue: 20, 16 - 28, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35859/artuklukurdology.1739741

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Irak’ta yaşayan dinî bir grup olarak Şebeklerin sosyal ve siyasal yaşamına yönelik bir çalışmayı esas almıştır. Şebekler, Irak’ta yaşayan etno-dinsel bir gruptur. Bu grubun en belirleyici yönü, etnik yapılarından çok dinî yönleri ile ön plana çıkmalarıdır. Şebekler de Irak’ta yaşayan ve Araplar dışındaki diğer etnik ve dinî gruplar gibi ayrımcılığa, baskıya ve göçe maruz kalmışlardır. Araştırmada, Şebek toplumunun tarih kurgularının nasıl inşa edildiği ve aktarıldığı tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, Şebeklerin yaşadığı bölgedeki karmaşık yapısı içinde dinî ve etnik kimliklerini nasıl koruduklarına ışık tutulmuştur. Bunun yanında araştırmada, Şebeklerin 2014’te başlayan IŞİD saldırılarında karşılaştıkları problemler genel hatları ile ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak Şebek toplumu, devamlı etnik ve dini çatışmaların gölgesinde kalarak siyasal taleplerine ulaşamamıştır. Araştırmanın verileri alan yazın okuması ile toplanmıştır. Ulaşılan bulgulara göre Şebekler üzerinde genel bir analiz yapılmıştır.

References

  • Abdulhadi, M. (2017). El-şebek fi’l Iraq. Master Tezi, Kadisiye Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Iraq.
  • Al Lami, M. (2014). Iraq: The minorities of Nineveh. BBC Newa, erişim: 26.12.2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (1998). A Kizilbash community in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Shabak. Les annals de l’autre Islam 5.
  • Bruinessen, V. M. (2005). Kürtlük, Türklük, Alevilik: etnik ve dinsel kimlik mücadeleleri (6. Baskı). H. Yurdakul (Çev.), İletişim Yayınları.
  • Centre for Religious Pluralism in the Middle East (CRPME). (2016). Untying The Knots Of Religious Diversity In Iraqi Kurdistan: Deploying Pluralism Against Barbarism II, Special Report. https://cemmis.edu.gr/index.php/publications/crpme-reports/item/609-crpme-special-report-no-2-untying-the-knots-of-religious-diversity-in-iraqi-kurdistan-deploying-pluralism-against-barbarism
  • Dehqan, M. (2008). A Shabak contemporary polemic against the Yezidi religion. Oriente Moderno, 88 (1), 200–204.
  • Edmonds, C. J. (1967). A pilgrimage to Lalish. Cambridge: The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, The University Press.
  • Enabling Peace İn İraq Center (EPIC). (December 13, 2019). Iraq’s Shabaks and the search for land rights and representation. Safe Return, an interview with Hussein al-Shabaki, a member of the Free Shabaab Movement, conducted by EPIC.
  • Human Rights Watch (1995). Iraq’s crime of genocide: The Anfal campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Human Rights Watch (2009). On Vulnerable Ground – Violence Against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories. New York, USA.
  • Kakeî, H. (2014). Mewlûdnamey peyghember bi zarawî Shebek. Duhok: Enstîtûya Kelepûrê Kurdî.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. & Omarkhali, K. (2021). Kurdish religious minorities in the modern world. in H. Bozarslan, C. Güneş ve V. Yadırgı (Ed.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 707-728ç doi:10.1017/9781108623711.029
  • Leezenberg, M. (1994). The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan. ILLC – Department of Humanities, University of Amsterdam.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2014). The end of heterodoxy? The Shabak in post-Saddam Iraq. Studies in Oriental Religions, 68, 247-268.
  • Leezenberg, M. (2018). Transformations in minority religious leadership: The Yezidis, Shabak, and Assyrians in Northern Iraq. Sociology of Islam, 6(2), 233-260. https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00602005
  • Mallon, E. D. (2017). Connections: Religious minorities in the middle: Shabak. Ph.D Thesis, CNEWA. https://cnewa.org/cnewa-connections-religious-minorities-in-the-middle-east-part-2-the-shabak-53928/
  • Middle East Watch (MEW) (2003). Irak’ta soykırım: Kürtlere karşı yürütülen enfal askeri harekâtı. Human rights watch departmanı, Ü. Aydoğmuş (Çev.), Avesta Yayınları.
  • Moosa, M. (1987). Extremist Shiites: The ghulat sects. Syracuse University Press.
  • Omarkhali, K. (Ed.) (2014). Religious minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the mainstream. Studies on oriental religions, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden.
  • Sykes, M. (1908). The Kurdish tribes of the Ottoman Empire. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, (38), 451–486.
  • Taşğın, A. (2009). Irak’ta Bektaşî topluluğu Şebekler. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, (52), 127-143.
  • Zoonen, V. D. & Wirya, K. (2017). The Shabaks: Perceptions of reconciliation and conflict. Middle East Research Institute (MERI) Report. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13631
  • Vinogradov, A. (1974). Ethnicity, cultural discontinuity and power brokers in northern Iraq: The case of the Shabak. American Ethnologist, 1(1), 207–18.
  • Zeki Beg, M. E. (2018). Kürtler ve kürdistan tarihi (11. Baskı). V. İnce, M. Dag, R. Adak ve Ş. Aslan (Çev.), Nûbihar Yayınları.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Studies (Other), World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Engin Korkmaz 0000-0002-6219-1186

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date July 10, 2025
Acceptance Date September 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Korkmaz, E. (2025). A Minority at the Intersection of Religious and Ethnic Identities in Iraq: Shabaks. Artuklu Kurdology(20), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.35859/artuklukurdology.1739741