Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI

Sevim Yasemin Oturanç

TR EN

Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Adana ili Akyatan Lagünü ve çevresinde bitki örtüsünün sınıflandırılmasında Normalize Edilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI), Normalize Edilmiş Kırmızı Kenar Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDRE) ve Yeşil Normalize Edilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (GNDVI) bant oranlama indekslerinin performansı karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada 22 Ağustos 2025 tarihli Sentinel-2A uydu görüntüsü kullanılmış ve spektral indeksler ile bitki örtüsü haritaları üretilmiştir. Yoğun bitki örtüsü, seyrek bitki örtüsü ve bitki örtüsü içermeyen alanlar olmak üzere üç sınıfta değerlendirilmiştir. Sınıflandırma sürecinde her bir indeks için Otsu Eşikleme Yöntemi kullanılarak optimum eşik değerleri belirlenmiş ve sınıflar oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar genel doğruluk ve Kappa katsayısı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, NDRE indeksinin %93.6 genel doğruluk ve 0.897 Kappa değeri ile en yüksek performansı gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. NDVI %92.3 doğruluk ile yüksek ve tutarlı sonuçlar üretirken, GNDVI %86 doğruluk ile daha düşük performans sergilemiştir. Sınıf bazlı değerlendirmeler, özellikle yoğun ve seyrek vejetasyon alanlarında NDRE indeksinin daha başarılı ayrım sağladığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, red-edge bandına dayalı NDRE indeksinin sulak alan çevresindeki heterojen arazi örtüsü yapılarında daha güvenilir sonuçlar sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Comparative Performance Analysis of Vegetation Indices in Wetlands: NDVI, NDRE, and GNDVI

Abstract

This study compares the performance of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE), and Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) for vegetation classification in and around Akyatan Lagoon, Adana, Türkiye, using Sentinel-2A imagery acquired on 22 August 2025. Vegetation was classified into three categories: dense vegetation, sparse vegetation, and non-vegetated areas. Optimal threshold values for each vegetation index were automatically determined using the Otsu thresholding method, and vegetation density maps were generated accordingly. Classification performance was assessed using overall accuracy and the Kappa coefficient. The results indicated that NDRE achieved the highest classification performance, with an overall accuracy of 93.6% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.897. NDVI also produced high and consistent results, with an overall accuracy of 92.3%, whereas GNDVI showed comparatively lower performance (86.0%). Class-based accuracy assessment demonstrated that NDRE was particularly effective in discriminating between dense and sparse vegetation. These findings suggest that the red-edge-based NDRE is more suitable than NDVI and GNDVI for vegetation mapping in heterogeneous wetland environments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Environmental Assessment and Monitoring, Land and Water Resources in Landscape Architecture, Computer Technology in Landscape Architecture , Landscape Architecture (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Sevim Yasemin Oturanç ^*
0000-0002-8140-1265
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 1, 2026

Submission Date

May 18, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 4, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 27 Number: 3

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM

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RIS / Bibtex

APA

Oturanç, S. Y. (2026). Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(3), 1-14. https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM

AMA

1.Oturanç SY. Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI. ACUJFF. 2026;27(3):1-14. https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM

Chicago

Oturanç, Sevim Yasemin. 2026. “Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE Ve GNDVI”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 27 (3): 1-14. https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM.

EndNote

Oturanç SY (September 1, 2026) Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 27 3 1–14.

IEEE

[1]S. Y. Oturanç, “Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI”, ACUJFF, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1–14, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM

ISNAD

Oturanç, Sevim Yasemin. “Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE Ve GNDVI”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 27/3 (September 1, 2026): 1-14. https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM.

JAMA

1.Oturanç SY. Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI. ACUJFF. 2026;27:1–14.

MLA

Oturanç, Sevim Yasemin. “Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE Ve GNDVI”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 1-14, https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM.

Vancouver

1.Sevim Yasemin Oturanç. Sulak Alanlarda Bitki Örtüsü İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi: NDVI, NDRE ve GNDVI. ACUJFF [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;27(3):1-14. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA79UT38HM

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Article Correction Policy

The Artvin Çoruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty reserves the right to correct published articles in order to rectify identified errors, complete missing information, or make necessary updates to preserve the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record. Corrections may include, but are not limited to, the correction of factual errors, revisions to figures or tables, updates to author information, modifications to author contribution statements, or other post-publication amendments.

Requests for corrections to published articles may be submitted by authors, editors, or readers. All requests shall be evaluated by the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board based on the supporting documentation and justification provided.

The Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board shall determine whether a correction is warranted, the scope of the correction, and the manner in which it will be published, in accordance with the journal's publication policies and principles of publication ethics. When appropriate, corrections will be published as a separate correction notice linked to the electronic version of the original article. The nature of the changes and the date of the correction shall be clearly indicated.

To preserve the integrity of the scholarly record, the Journal may publish a corrected version of the article and make the corresponding correction notice available by linking it to the original publication.

Article Retraction Policy

The Artvin Çoruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty may retract a published article when necessary to safeguard the reliability and integrity of the scholarly record. Retraction decisions are made by the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board following an investigation conducted in accordance with internationally accepted publication ethics principles.

Retraction may be considered under, but is not limited to, the following circumstances:
Fabrication, falsification of data, or serious methodological errors that render the research findings unreliable;
Plagiarism or other forms of research and publication misconduct;
Duplicate publication or simultaneous submission/publication of substantially the same work;
The article's scientific conclusions rely substantially on unreliable or retracted publications, thereby significantly compromising the validity of the work;
The published article contains serious errors identified after publication that invalidate or substantially undermine the reliability of the findings;

Circumstances in which correction is insufficient to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record.

Before a retraction decision is made, the corresponding author and, where deemed necessary, the co-authors shall be invited to provide a written explanation. The Editorial Board may also obtain opinions from independent experts and, where appropriate, communicate with relevant institutions during the investigation.

If an article is retracted, its DOI and bibliographic metadata shall be retained. Whenever possible, the electronic version of the article shall remain accessible, with each page clearly marked as "Retracted," and a separate Retraction Notice shall be published and permanently linked to the original article.

The Retraction Notice shall clearly state the reason(s) for the retraction, the date of the retraction, and that the decision was made by the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board.

Retraction decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the specific circumstances of each case. In reaching its decision, the Editorial Board shall consider publication ethics principles, the integrity of the scholarly record, and any explanations or evidence provided by the relevant parties.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools
The following principles must be observed when using artificial intelligence (AI) tools in manuscripts submitted to the Artvin Çoruh University Journal of Forestry:
AI tools may be used only as supportive aids in manuscript preparation (e.g., improving grammar and expression). AI cannot replace the authors’ critical thinking, academic responsibility, or original scientific contribution.
If AI tools are used in manuscript preparation, this usage must be declared transparently in the manuscript, in the Acknowledgments section.
AI cannot be used to write the abstract, introduction, literature review, or discussion sections. Its use must be limited and supportive.
It is strictly prohibited to generate fake, unverifiable, or non-existent references using AI. All cited sources must be accurate, complete, and verifiable, in accordance with academic ethics and standards.
Authors must verify and approve all references. Where available, all sources must include a DOI number.
The AI usage statement must include the following information:
    The AI system or tool(s) used,
    The sections of the manuscript where AI-generated or AI-assisted content appears,
    The level of contribution of AI in the content creation process.
Failure to disclose AI use or violation of these rules may result in the manuscript being rejected without peer review or withdrawn at any stage of the publication process.

DOI Numbers
If a cited source has a DOI, it must be included in the reference list. When writing a DOI, the "doi:" prefix should not be used; the DOI should be provided as an active link in the format "http…". If a source does not have a DOI, the URL where the publication is accessible should be included in the reference.

Scientific Publication Coordinator

Elanur ADAR YAZAR

Natural Resource Management, Ecological Applications, Climate Change-Impact and Adaptation, Environmental Engineering, Waste Management, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Clean Production Technologies, Soil Pollution and Control, Renewable Energy Resources , Wastewater Treatment Processes