Use of Musical Systems in Generative Art

Year 2022, , 78 - 84, 31.03.2022

Fatoş Çakıcıoğlu İlhan

https://doi.org/10.54614/ArtVis.2022.1023167

Abstract

Generative art is an artistic production method that includes an autonomous system that can make decisions on its own within the framework of the rules created by the artist. The works produced in this field can be constructed with a wide variety of techniques, both digital and non-digital (such as dynamic and mechanical systems). At the last point reached in today's technology, designs produced by using computers and algorithmic coding and musical systems developed in the early period of generative art are based on similar foundations in principle. In this study, the early and late period musical systems in the field of generative art are examined and it is aimed to determine the musical equivalents of the criteria that are valid in the definition of generative art. In the introduction part of the study, generative art and the parameters that reveal generative art are defined, and in the following sections, the working principles of different musical systems are examined and their approaches to the concept of autonomous system are examined.

Keywords

Algorithmic composition, autonomous systems, conceptual art, generative art, generative music, randomness

Üretken Sanatta Müzikal Sistemlerin Kullanımı

Abstract

Üretken sanat sanatçının oluşturduğu kurallar çerçevesinde kendi kendine kararlar alabilen bir otonom sistemi içeren sanatsal üretim yöntemidir. Bu alanda ortaya konulan eserler hem sayısal hem de sayısal olmayan (dinamik ve mekanik sistemler gibi) çok çeşitli teknikler ile kurgulanabilmektedir. Günümüz teknolojisinde gelinen son noktada ağırlıklı olarak bilgisayarlar ve kodlama yöntemiyle oluşturulan algoritmalar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen tasarımlar ile üretken sanatın erken döneminde geliştirilen müzikal sistemler prensip olarak benzer temellere dayanmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada üretken sanat alanında ortaya konulan erken dönem ve son dönem müzikal sistemler incelenmekte ve üretken sanatın tanımlanmasında geçerli olan ölçütlerin müzikal anlamda karşılıklarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın giriş kısmında üretken sanat ve üretken sanatı ortaya koyan parametreler tanımlanmış ilerleyen bölümlerde farklı müzikal sistemlerin çalışma prensipleri irdelenerek otonom sistem kavramına getirdikleri özgün yaklaşımlar incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Algoritmik kompozisyon, otonom sistemler, kavramsal sanat, üretken sanat, üretken müzik, rastgelelik

References

• Alexey Sysoev. (21.04.2019). Cornelius Cardew "The Great Learning" Paragraph 7 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CcGT_cbNfg
• Ariza, C. (2011). Two Pioneering Projects from the Early History of Computer-Aided Algorithmic Composition. Computer Music Journal, The MIT Press, 35(3), 40-56.
• Artstation. (t.y.) Fract Osc, Richard Flanagan [Fotoğraf]. Erişim: 07.10.2021, https://www.artstation.com/artwork/ERzgK.
• Boden, M. A., & Edmonds, E. A. (2009). What is generative art? Digital Creativity, 20(2), 21-46.
• Brown, P. (2005). Is the Future of Music Generative? Music Therapy Today, 6(2), 215-274.
• Brown, A. R., & Sorensen, A. (2009). Interacting with Generative Music through Live Coding. Contemporary Music Review, 28(1), 17-29.
• Brown, A. R. (2016). Performing with the other: the relationship of musician and machine in live coding. International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media, 12(2), 179-186.
• Burnard, P. (2012). Musical Creativities in Practice. Oxford University Press.
• Collins, K. (2009). An Introduction to Procedural Music in Video Games. Contemporary Music Review, 28(1), 5-15.
• Collins, N., & Brown, A. R. (2009). Generative Music Editorial. Contemporary Music Review, 28(1), 1-4.
• Creative Applications. (2019). Workshop: Live Coding Visuals with Hydra [Fotoğraf]. Erişim: 20.10.2021. https://www.creativeapplications.net/member-submissions/workshop-livecoding-visuals-with-hydra/
• Dehlinger, H. (2020). Generative Art. Journal of Mathematics and the Arts, 14(1-2), 33-36.
• Dorin, A., & McCormack, J. (2001). Introduction: First Iteration: A Conference on Generative Systems in the Electronic Arts. Leonardo, 34(3), 239-242.
• Dusman, L. J. (1987). The individual as structure in Cornelius Cardew’s the great learning: paragraph 7. Interface, 16(4), 201-217.
• Eno, B. (1996). Generative music. In Motion Magazine. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/eno1.html
• Flanagan, R. E. (2021). Fract OSC, Game, Level, Sound & Graphic Design, Art, Animation, UI. Erişim:11.10.2021, http://www.richardeflanagan.com/fractosc
• Galanter, P. (2003). What is generative art? Complexity theory as a context for art theory. Generative Art Conference, 2003.
• Galanter, P. (2012). Generative art after computers. 15th Generative Art Conference, s.271-282.
• Gbrachetta. (t.y.). Musical Dice A new take on Mozart’s game. Erişim: 20.10.2020, https://gbrachetta.github.io/Musical-Dice/
• Godt, I. (2005). Music: A Practical Definition. The Musical Times, 146, 83-88.
• Hedges, S. A. (1978). Dice Music in the Eighteenth Century. Music & Letters, Oxford University Press, 59(2), 180-87.
• Kania, A. (2010). Silent Music. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, s. 343-53.
• Kenney, N. (2018). Back from the brink: Jean Tinguely’s beloved music machine [Fotoğraf]. Erişim: 16.10.2021, https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/11/15/back-from-the-brink-jean-tinguelys-beloved-music-machine
• Levinson, J. (1990). Music, Art, and Metaphysics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• McCormack, J., Dorin, A., & Innocent, T. (2004). Generative Design: A Paradigm for Design Research, Futureground – DRS. International Conference, s. 17-21.
• Monash University. (t.y.) The Great Learning 7. Paragraf [Fotoğraf]. Erişim: 09.10.2021, https://users.monash.edu/~cema/projects/hons2000/p7
• Musica informatica. (t.y.). Push Button Bertha nota görseli [Fotoğraf]. Erişim: 11.10.2021, https://www.musicainformatica.org/topics/push-button-bertha.php
• Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. (t.y.). Definition of algorithm. Erişim:05.10.202, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/algorithm?q=algorithm
• Plut, C., & Pasquier, P. (2020) Generative music in video games: State of the art, challenges, and prospects. Entertainment Computing, Vol. 33.
• Ruttkay, Z. (2007). Composing Mozart Variations with Dice. Teaching Statictics. An Internatioanl Journal for Statistics and Data Science Teaching, 19(1), 18-19.
• Shao, J., Mcdermott, J., O’Neill, M., & Brabazon, A. (2010). Jive: A Generative, Interactive, Virtual, Evolutionary Music System. In EvoApplications (2), 341-350.
• Selz, P. (1966). Directions in Kinetic Sculpture. Berkeley. University of California Press.
• Skeggs, E. S., Langberg, E. I., Marcucci, S., & Mackintosh, T. P. (2017). Weighing Perceived Values of Tinguely’s Sculptures Against Technically Advanced Conservation. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/383
• Spittel, A. (2018). An introduction to Generative Art: what it is, and how you make it. Erişim: 21.10.2021 https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/an-introduction-to-generative-artwhat-it-is-and-how-you-make-it-b0b363b50a70/
• Topçu, O. (2015). Akıllı Otonom Sistemler. Turkish Navy Magazine, 18-25.
• Wooller, R., Brown A., Reck E., Roger M., Berry S., & Diederich, J. (2005). A framework for comparison of process in algorithmic music systems. Generative arts practice. Sydney: Creativity and Cognition Studios Press, 109-124.