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Does the tourism sector increase environmental pollution? an empirical estimate on Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 98 - 103, 08.12.2022

Abstract

The tourism industry is one of the leading industries in the world. Tourism that contributes to economic growth and development is increasing its share among the sectors day by day due to globalization, population growth and technological advances in the transportation and communication sector. Developments in the tourism sector, which is of great importance in terms of national economies, can cause effects not only in the economic dimension but also in the environmental dimension. In this study, the relationship between tourism and CO2 emission, which is used as an indicator of environmental pollution in Turkey, is discussed. The long-term relationship between tourism and CO2 emissions is examined with the Johansen cointegration test with annual data for the period 1990-2018. In this study, in which empirical analysis methods are used, the unit root level of the variables is tested first. Johansen cointegration test is applied to determine whether there is a cointegration relationship. After determining the existence of the cointegration relationship between the variables, long-term coefficient estimators are used. Similar findings are obtained as a result of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods. The findings are that tourism increases CO2 emissions and causes environmental degradation.

References

  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit ro. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Doğan, E., Şeker, F., & Bülbül, S. (2015). Investigating the ımpacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: a panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 1, 1-19.
  • Dünya Bankası (2022). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# (Erişim: 03.05.2022)
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Investigating the relationship on CO2, tourism, economic growth and trade openness in Turkey. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 321-331.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Apergis, N. (2014). The dynamic interaction between combustible renewables and waste consumption and international tourism: the case of Tunisia. MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 59827, 1-16.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analiysis of conintegration vector. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S, T., Feridun, M., & Kılınç, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-ınduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: the case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. (2014). International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: the case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.
  • Keskin, A. (2019). CO2 emisyonunu etkileyen faktörler: Avrupa Birliği örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(5), 361-370.
  • Khan, I., & Hou, F. (2021). The dynamic links among energy consumption, tourism growth, and the ecological footprint: the role of environmental quality in 38 IEA countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 5049-5062.
  • Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The ımpact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: an advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611.
  • Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76.
  • Leitao, N. C., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Economic growth, tourism arrivals and climate change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35-43.
  • Leon, C. J., Arana, J. E., & Aleman, A. H. (2014). CO2 emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173.
  • Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Lau, C. K. M. (2018). The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical Evidence from the EU Nations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1587-1607.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Tourism development and environmental degradation in the united states: evidence from wavelet-based analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and testing of cointegrated systems by an autoregressive approximation. Econometric Theory, 8(1), 1-27.
  • Soldatou, N., Chatzianastasiadou, P., & Vagiona, D. G. (2022). Assessment of carbon-related scenarios for tourism development in the island of Lefkada in Greece. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(2), 345-361.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 783-820.
  • Tandoğan, D., & Genç, M. C. (2016). Turizm ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. IMUCO, 795.
  • Türkiye Seyahat Acentaları Birliği (2022). https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • TÜRSAB (2017). Türkiye TUADER turizm sektör raporu. https://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/16736/turizm-faaliyet-kitapcigi_ 16736_492081.PDF (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) (2021). Tourism. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-wedo/responsible-industry/tourism (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • UNWTO Basın Bülteni (2009). http://sdg.iisd.org/news/unwto-releases-study-on-low-carbon-travel-and-the-tourism-sector/ (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • World Tourism Organization and International Transport Forum (2019). Transport-Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector; World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): Madrid, Spain. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284416660 (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen turist sayısının en fazla olduğu 10 ülkede turizm ile CO2 salımı arasındaki ilişki: panel fourier toda-yamamoto nedensellik analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303.
  • Zaman, K., Khan, M. M., & Ahmad, M. (2011). Exploring the relationship between tourism development ındicators and carbon emissions: a case study of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(5), 690-701.

Turizm sektörü çevre kirliliğini artırıyor mu? Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir tahmin

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 98 - 103, 08.12.2022

Abstract

Turizm sektörü, dünyanın önde gelen sektörlerinden biridir. Ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmaya katkı sağlayan turizm; küreselleşme, nüfus artışı ve ulaşım ile iletişim sektöründeki teknolojik ilerlemelerden dolayı sektörler arasındaki payını günden güne artırmaktadır. Ülke ekonomileri açısından büyük önem arz eden turizm sektöründeki gelişmeler sadece ekonomik boyutta değil çevresel boyutta da etkilere sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki turizm ve çevre kirliliğinin bir göstergesi olarak kullanılan CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki ele alınmaktadır. Turizm ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki 1990-2018 dönemi için yıllık verilerle Johansen eşbütünleşme testiyle incelenmektedir. Ampirik analiz yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada öncelikle değişkenlerin birim kök düzeyi sınanmaktadır. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin olup olmadığının tespiti için Johansen eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığı tespit edildikten sonra uzun dönem katsayı tahmincilerinden yararlanılmaktadır. FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemlerinin sonucunda benzer bulgulara ulaşılmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular turizmin CO2 emisyonunu artırdığı ve çevresel bozulmalara neden olduğu yönündedir.

References

  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit ro. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Doğan, E., Şeker, F., & Bülbül, S. (2015). Investigating the ımpacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: a panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 1, 1-19.
  • Dünya Bankası (2022). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# (Erişim: 03.05.2022)
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Investigating the relationship on CO2, tourism, economic growth and trade openness in Turkey. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 321-331.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Apergis, N. (2014). The dynamic interaction between combustible renewables and waste consumption and international tourism: the case of Tunisia. MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 59827, 1-16.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analiysis of conintegration vector. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S, T., Feridun, M., & Kılınç, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-ınduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: the case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. (2014). International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: the case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.
  • Keskin, A. (2019). CO2 emisyonunu etkileyen faktörler: Avrupa Birliği örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(5), 361-370.
  • Khan, I., & Hou, F. (2021). The dynamic links among energy consumption, tourism growth, and the ecological footprint: the role of environmental quality in 38 IEA countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 5049-5062.
  • Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The ımpact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: an advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611.
  • Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76.
  • Leitao, N. C., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Economic growth, tourism arrivals and climate change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35-43.
  • Leon, C. J., Arana, J. E., & Aleman, A. H. (2014). CO2 emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173.
  • Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Lau, C. K. M. (2018). The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical Evidence from the EU Nations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1587-1607.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Tourism development and environmental degradation in the united states: evidence from wavelet-based analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and testing of cointegrated systems by an autoregressive approximation. Econometric Theory, 8(1), 1-27.
  • Soldatou, N., Chatzianastasiadou, P., & Vagiona, D. G. (2022). Assessment of carbon-related scenarios for tourism development in the island of Lefkada in Greece. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(2), 345-361.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 783-820.
  • Tandoğan, D., & Genç, M. C. (2016). Turizm ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. IMUCO, 795.
  • Türkiye Seyahat Acentaları Birliği (2022). https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • TÜRSAB (2017). Türkiye TUADER turizm sektör raporu. https://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/16736/turizm-faaliyet-kitapcigi_ 16736_492081.PDF (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) (2021). Tourism. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-wedo/responsible-industry/tourism (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • UNWTO Basın Bülteni (2009). http://sdg.iisd.org/news/unwto-releases-study-on-low-carbon-travel-and-the-tourism-sector/ (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • World Tourism Organization and International Transport Forum (2019). Transport-Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector; World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): Madrid, Spain. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284416660 (Erişim: 05.04.2022).
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen turist sayısının en fazla olduğu 10 ülkede turizm ile CO2 salımı arasındaki ilişki: panel fourier toda-yamamoto nedensellik analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303.
  • Zaman, K., Khan, M. M., & Ahmad, M. (2011). Exploring the relationship between tourism development ındicators and carbon emissions: a case study of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(5), 690-701.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bahar Oğul 0000-0002-4335-9086

Publication Date December 8, 2022
Submission Date May 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Oğul, B. (2022). Turizm sektörü çevre kirliliğini artırıyor mu? Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir tahmin. Ardahan Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 98-103.