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ULUSLARARASI İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKUNDA SAĞLIKLI ÇEVRE HAKKI

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 215 - 264, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1423654

Abstract

İnsan haklarının kullanılması çevresel bozulmadan olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bununla birlikte, insan haklarının sağlıklı bir çevre hakkı ile ilişkilendirilmesi bu hakkın sadece bir yönüdür. Diğer yönünü ise güncelde insan haklarını etkilemeyen çevresel bozulmalar oluşturmaktadır. Fakat bu çevresel bozulmalar kısa vadede olmasa da uzun vadede insan hakları olumsuz yönde etkileyebilecektir. Bu bağlamda bu hak, ekolojik ve ekosistemin bozulmasını, bunları geliştirmeyi ve korumayı kapsayan daha geniş kapsamlı bir haktır.
Güvenli, temiz, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir bir çevre, BM Genel Kurulu'nun kabul ettiği kararla ilk kez küresel ölçekte temel bir insan hakkı olarak tanınmıştır. Bu hak az sayıda sözleşmede yer almaktadır. Fakat bu hakkın doğrudan sınırlı olarak sözleşmelerde yer alması, diğer sözleşmelerin bu hakkı korumadığı anlamına gelmemektedir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma, kavramı tanımlamayı ve sağlıklı bir çevre hakkının uluslararası hukuk tarafından ne ölçüde korunduğunu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Atapattu, Sumudu. “The Right to a Healthy Life or the Right to Die Polluted?: The Emergence of a Human Right to a Healthy Environment Under International Law,” Tulane Environmental Law Journal , Vol. 16, No. 1(2002):65-126.
  • Banda, Maria L. “Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Advisory Opinion on the Environment and Human Rights”, AM. SOC’Y INT’L L.: INSIGHTS, (2018).
  • Bilgili, Muhammed Yunus. “Anayasal Bir Hak Olarak Çevre Hakkı,” Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), (2015): 563-584.
  • Bilir, Faruk ve Hamdemir, Berkan. “Çevre Hakkı ve Uygulaması,” Internatıonal Conference On Eurasian Economies, (2011):143-9.
  • Boyd, David R. “Catalyst for Change: Evaluating Forty Years of Experience in Implementing the Right to a Healthy Environment”, in The Human Right to a Healthy Environment, eds. John H. Knox and Ramin Pejan, (Cambdrige: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Boyle, Alan. “Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?” EJIL, 23(3), (2012):613–642.
  • Bratspies, Rebecca. “Do We Need a Human Right to a Healthy Environment?,” Santa Clara J. Int'l L, 13(1), (2015):31-69.
  • Cima, E. “The right to a healthy environment: Reconceptualizing human rights in the face of climate change” RECIEL, 31 (2022): 38-49.
  • Cuomo, Kerry Kennedy. “Human Rights and the Environment: Common Ground”, Yale Journal Of International Law, 18(227), (1993):227-233.
  • Çelenk, Bengü. “Climate change and security debates in the United Nations Security Council between 2007-2021,” Critical Studies on Securıty, (2023):1-20.
  • Çelenk, Bengü. “İklim Değişikliği, Tehdit Çarpanı Etkisi ve Güvenlik: İklim Güvenliğinden Uluslararası Güvenliğe,” Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 19(46), 2023:537-59.
  • Gayretli, Ceren Pınar. “Bildiğimiz Çevre Hukuku’nın Sonu: Doğaya Haklar Tanımak”, in Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları- Dünden Bugüne ve Geleceğe, eds. Zerrin Savaşan ve Hakan Ünay, (Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2021).
  • Gemalmaz, Mehmet Semih. “Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Çevre Hakkı ve Türk Düzenlemesi,” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1-4), (2011):233-278.
  • Güneş, Ahmet M. Çevre Hukuku, (Gözden Geçirilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 5. Baskı, Ankara: Adalet Yanınevi, 2023).
  • Hamurcu, Can. “Çevre Hakkı Üzerine Düşünceler,” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, (1983-4): 171-180.
  • Kaboğlu İbrahim Ö. ve Yancı Özalp, Nihan. Çevre Hakkı, (Tümüyle Yenilenmiş ve Genişletilmiş 4. Baskı, İstanbul: Tekin Yayınevi, 2021).
  • Knox, John H. and Pejan, Ramin. “Introduction,” in The Human Right to a Healthy Environment, eds. John H. Knox and Ramin Pejan, (Cambdrige: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Lewis, Bridget.Environmental Human Rights and Climate Change: Current Status and future Prospects, (Singapore: Springer, (2018).
  • Olgun, Hakan ve Işık, Volkan. “Bir “İnsan Hakkı” olarak “Çevre Hakkı” ve Türk Hukukundaki Yeri,” Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Nisan 2017, 3(1), 2017:33-52.
  • Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar, Melte. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, (İstanbul: Beta, 2015).
  • Savaşan, Zerrin. “Çevre Hakları: İnsan Hakları Kuralları ile Korunmadan Asli Korumaya,” in Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları-Kavramlar, Teoriler ve Politikalar, eds. Zerrin Savaşan, Çağlar Söker ve Fırat Harun Yılmaz, (Ankara: Seçkin, 2021).
  • Tigre, Maria Antonia. “International Recognition of The Right to A Healthy Environment: What Is the Added Value For Latin America and the Caribbean?,” 117 AJIL Unbound, (2023).
  • "Street Children " (Villagran-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, (Merits), 1999, IACtHR.
  • “Mapiripán Massacre” v. Colombia, (Merits, Reparations, and Costs), 2005, IACtHR.
  • 155/96: Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria, African Commission.
  • 233/06: Egyptian Initiative for Human Rights and INTERIGHTS v. Egypt,16 December 2011, African Commission. 241/01: Purohit and Moore v. The Gambia, 29 May 2003, African Court.
  • 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93: World Organisation Against Torture, Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Jehovah Witnesses, Inter-African Union for Human Rights v. Zaire, African Commission.
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v Kenya (merits) (2017) 2 AfCLR 9.
  • Barcza and Others v. Hungary, 2016, App no: 50811/10, ECtHR.
  • Bērziņš and Others v. Latvia, 2021, App no: 73105/12, ECtHR.
  • Borysiewicz v. Poland, 2008, App no: 71146/01, ECtHR.
  • Çiçek and Others v. Turkey, 2020, App no: 44837/07, ECtHR.
  • Daniel Billy et al. v. Australia, CCPR/C/135/D/3624/2019.
  • Depalle v. France, 2010, App no: 34044/02, ECtHR.
  • Di Sarno and Others v. Italy, 2012, App no: 30765/08, ECtHR.
  • Fadeyeva v. Russia, 2005, App no: 55723/00, ECtHR.
  • Fredin v. Sweden (No.1), 1991, App no: 12033/86, ECtHR.
  • Giacomelli v. Italy, 2006, App no: 59909/00, ECtHR.
  • Guerra and others v. Italy, (1998) App no: 116/1996/735/932, ECtHR.
  • Hamer v. Belgium, 2007, App no: 21861/0, ECtHR 3.
  • Hardy and Maile v. United Kingdom, 2012, App no: 31965/07, ECtHR.
  • Hatton and Others v. United Kingdom, 2003, App no: 36022/97, ECtHR.
  • Ivan Atanasov v. Bulgaria, 2010, App no: 12853/03, ECtHR.
  • Jugheli and Others v. Georgia, 2017, App no: 38342/05, ECtHR.
  • Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname, (Merits, Reparations and Costs),2015, IACtHR.
  • Kapa and Others v. Poland, 2021, App nos: 75031/13 and 3 others, ECtHR.
  • Kawas-Fernández v. Honduras, 2009 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), IACtHR.
  • Kolyadenko and Others v. Russia, 2012, App nos. 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 and 35673/05, ECtHR.
  • Kožul and Others v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019, App no: 38695/13., ECtHR.
  • Kyrtatos v. Greece, 2003, App no: 41666/98, ECtHR.
  • Leon and Agnieszka Kania v. Poland, 2009, App no: 12605/03, ECtHR.
  • Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association v. Argentina, (Merits, reparations and costs), Judgment, 2020, IACtHR.
  • Ligue Ivoirienne Des Droits De L'homme (Lidho) And Others v. Republic Of Côte D'ivoire, App no: 041/2016, African Court.
  • López Ostra v. Spain, 1994, App no: 16798/90, ECtHR.
  • Luna López v. Honduras, (Merits, Reparations and Costs), 2013, IACtHR.
  • Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, 2001 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), IACtHR.
  • McGinley and Egan v. United Kingdom, 1998, 10/1997/794/995-996, ECtHR.
  • O’Sullivan McCarthy Mussel Development Ltd v. Irlande, 2018, App no: 44460/16, ECtHR.
  • Öneryıldız v. Turkey, App no.48939/99, 2004, ECtHR.
  • Saramaka People v. Suriname. Preliminary objections, (Merits, reparations and costs), 2007, IACtHR.
  • Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay. (Merits, reparations and costs),2006, IACtHR.
  • Solyanik v. Russia, 2022 App no: 47987/15, ECtHR.
  • Solyanik v. Russia, 2022, App no:47987/15, ECtHR.
  • Taşkın and Others v. Turkey, 2004, App no: 46117/99, ECtHR.
  • Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay. (Merits, reparations and costs), 2005, IACtHR.
  • Yevgeniy Dmitriyev v. Russia, 2020, App no: 17840/06, ECtHR.
  • Zammit Maempel v. Malta, 2011, App no: 24202/10, ECtHR.

THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 215 - 264, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1423654

Abstract

The exercise of human rights is adversely affected by environmental degradation. Nevertheless, linking human rights to the right to a healthy environment is just one aspect of this right. The other aspect is environmental degradation, which currently does not negatively affect human rights. However, these environmental degradations may adversely affect human rights in the long term. This broader right covers ecological and ecosystem degradation, development, and protection in this context.
A safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment was recognized as a fundamental human right for the first time ever on a global scale with the adoption of the UN General Assembly's resolution. There are only a few conventions that directly contain this right. However, it does not follow that other accords do not also safeguard this righ.This study aims to define the concept and ascertain to what extent the right to a healthy environment is protected by international law.

References

  • Atapattu, Sumudu. “The Right to a Healthy Life or the Right to Die Polluted?: The Emergence of a Human Right to a Healthy Environment Under International Law,” Tulane Environmental Law Journal , Vol. 16, No. 1(2002):65-126.
  • Banda, Maria L. “Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Advisory Opinion on the Environment and Human Rights”, AM. SOC’Y INT’L L.: INSIGHTS, (2018).
  • Bilgili, Muhammed Yunus. “Anayasal Bir Hak Olarak Çevre Hakkı,” Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), (2015): 563-584.
  • Bilir, Faruk ve Hamdemir, Berkan. “Çevre Hakkı ve Uygulaması,” Internatıonal Conference On Eurasian Economies, (2011):143-9.
  • Boyd, David R. “Catalyst for Change: Evaluating Forty Years of Experience in Implementing the Right to a Healthy Environment”, in The Human Right to a Healthy Environment, eds. John H. Knox and Ramin Pejan, (Cambdrige: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Boyle, Alan. “Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?” EJIL, 23(3), (2012):613–642.
  • Bratspies, Rebecca. “Do We Need a Human Right to a Healthy Environment?,” Santa Clara J. Int'l L, 13(1), (2015):31-69.
  • Cima, E. “The right to a healthy environment: Reconceptualizing human rights in the face of climate change” RECIEL, 31 (2022): 38-49.
  • Cuomo, Kerry Kennedy. “Human Rights and the Environment: Common Ground”, Yale Journal Of International Law, 18(227), (1993):227-233.
  • Çelenk, Bengü. “Climate change and security debates in the United Nations Security Council between 2007-2021,” Critical Studies on Securıty, (2023):1-20.
  • Çelenk, Bengü. “İklim Değişikliği, Tehdit Çarpanı Etkisi ve Güvenlik: İklim Güvenliğinden Uluslararası Güvenliğe,” Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 19(46), 2023:537-59.
  • Gayretli, Ceren Pınar. “Bildiğimiz Çevre Hukuku’nın Sonu: Doğaya Haklar Tanımak”, in Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları- Dünden Bugüne ve Geleceğe, eds. Zerrin Savaşan ve Hakan Ünay, (Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2021).
  • Gemalmaz, Mehmet Semih. “Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Çevre Hakkı ve Türk Düzenlemesi,” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1-4), (2011):233-278.
  • Güneş, Ahmet M. Çevre Hukuku, (Gözden Geçirilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 5. Baskı, Ankara: Adalet Yanınevi, 2023).
  • Hamurcu, Can. “Çevre Hakkı Üzerine Düşünceler,” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, (1983-4): 171-180.
  • Kaboğlu İbrahim Ö. ve Yancı Özalp, Nihan. Çevre Hakkı, (Tümüyle Yenilenmiş ve Genişletilmiş 4. Baskı, İstanbul: Tekin Yayınevi, 2021).
  • Knox, John H. and Pejan, Ramin. “Introduction,” in The Human Right to a Healthy Environment, eds. John H. Knox and Ramin Pejan, (Cambdrige: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Lewis, Bridget.Environmental Human Rights and Climate Change: Current Status and future Prospects, (Singapore: Springer, (2018).
  • Olgun, Hakan ve Işık, Volkan. “Bir “İnsan Hakkı” olarak “Çevre Hakkı” ve Türk Hukukundaki Yeri,” Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Nisan 2017, 3(1), 2017:33-52.
  • Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar, Melte. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, (İstanbul: Beta, 2015).
  • Savaşan, Zerrin. “Çevre Hakları: İnsan Hakları Kuralları ile Korunmadan Asli Korumaya,” in Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları-Kavramlar, Teoriler ve Politikalar, eds. Zerrin Savaşan, Çağlar Söker ve Fırat Harun Yılmaz, (Ankara: Seçkin, 2021).
  • Tigre, Maria Antonia. “International Recognition of The Right to A Healthy Environment: What Is the Added Value For Latin America and the Caribbean?,” 117 AJIL Unbound, (2023).
  • "Street Children " (Villagran-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, (Merits), 1999, IACtHR.
  • “Mapiripán Massacre” v. Colombia, (Merits, Reparations, and Costs), 2005, IACtHR.
  • 155/96: Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria, African Commission.
  • 233/06: Egyptian Initiative for Human Rights and INTERIGHTS v. Egypt,16 December 2011, African Commission. 241/01: Purohit and Moore v. The Gambia, 29 May 2003, African Court.
  • 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93: World Organisation Against Torture, Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Jehovah Witnesses, Inter-African Union for Human Rights v. Zaire, African Commission.
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v Kenya (merits) (2017) 2 AfCLR 9.
  • Barcza and Others v. Hungary, 2016, App no: 50811/10, ECtHR.
  • Bērziņš and Others v. Latvia, 2021, App no: 73105/12, ECtHR.
  • Borysiewicz v. Poland, 2008, App no: 71146/01, ECtHR.
  • Çiçek and Others v. Turkey, 2020, App no: 44837/07, ECtHR.
  • Daniel Billy et al. v. Australia, CCPR/C/135/D/3624/2019.
  • Depalle v. France, 2010, App no: 34044/02, ECtHR.
  • Di Sarno and Others v. Italy, 2012, App no: 30765/08, ECtHR.
  • Fadeyeva v. Russia, 2005, App no: 55723/00, ECtHR.
  • Fredin v. Sweden (No.1), 1991, App no: 12033/86, ECtHR.
  • Giacomelli v. Italy, 2006, App no: 59909/00, ECtHR.
  • Guerra and others v. Italy, (1998) App no: 116/1996/735/932, ECtHR.
  • Hamer v. Belgium, 2007, App no: 21861/0, ECtHR 3.
  • Hardy and Maile v. United Kingdom, 2012, App no: 31965/07, ECtHR.
  • Hatton and Others v. United Kingdom, 2003, App no: 36022/97, ECtHR.
  • Ivan Atanasov v. Bulgaria, 2010, App no: 12853/03, ECtHR.
  • Jugheli and Others v. Georgia, 2017, App no: 38342/05, ECtHR.
  • Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname, (Merits, Reparations and Costs),2015, IACtHR.
  • Kapa and Others v. Poland, 2021, App nos: 75031/13 and 3 others, ECtHR.
  • Kawas-Fernández v. Honduras, 2009 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), IACtHR.
  • Kolyadenko and Others v. Russia, 2012, App nos. 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 and 35673/05, ECtHR.
  • Kožul and Others v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019, App no: 38695/13., ECtHR.
  • Kyrtatos v. Greece, 2003, App no: 41666/98, ECtHR.
  • Leon and Agnieszka Kania v. Poland, 2009, App no: 12605/03, ECtHR.
  • Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association v. Argentina, (Merits, reparations and costs), Judgment, 2020, IACtHR.
  • Ligue Ivoirienne Des Droits De L'homme (Lidho) And Others v. Republic Of Côte D'ivoire, App no: 041/2016, African Court.
  • López Ostra v. Spain, 1994, App no: 16798/90, ECtHR.
  • Luna López v. Honduras, (Merits, Reparations and Costs), 2013, IACtHR.
  • Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, 2001 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), IACtHR.
  • McGinley and Egan v. United Kingdom, 1998, 10/1997/794/995-996, ECtHR.
  • O’Sullivan McCarthy Mussel Development Ltd v. Irlande, 2018, App no: 44460/16, ECtHR.
  • Öneryıldız v. Turkey, App no.48939/99, 2004, ECtHR.
  • Saramaka People v. Suriname. Preliminary objections, (Merits, reparations and costs), 2007, IACtHR.
  • Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay. (Merits, reparations and costs),2006, IACtHR.
  • Solyanik v. Russia, 2022 App no: 47987/15, ECtHR.
  • Solyanik v. Russia, 2022, App no:47987/15, ECtHR.
  • Taşkın and Others v. Turkey, 2004, App no: 46117/99, ECtHR.
  • Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay. (Merits, reparations and costs), 2005, IACtHR.
  • Yevgeniy Dmitriyev v. Russia, 2020, App no: 17840/06, ECtHR.
  • Zammit Maempel v. Malta, 2011, App no: 24202/10, ECtHR.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seher Çakan 0000-0003-3254-6617

Publication Date July 1, 2024
Submission Date January 22, 2024
Acceptance Date May 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Çakan, Seher. “THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW”. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (July 2024): 215-64. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1423654.

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