Research Article
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Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water

Year 2022, , 212 - 219, 20.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891

Abstract

The thick-shelled river mussel (Unio crassus) is listed as 'Endangered' on the IUCN Red List of Threat-ened Species and it is important to culture them for the conservation of natural stocks. Integrating mussels into the freshwater aquaculture system could be an efficient method, because of their filter-ing ability. In this study, it was aimed to determine the bacteria filtering ability of the thick-shelled river mussel on an aquaculture system to determine if the water quality got better in terms of bacte-riology. Depuration, disinfection, and antibiotic treatments were applied to reduce the bacterial load in the mussels' bodies. Disinfection was made using NaCl2, 2-Phenoxyethanol, Formalin, Virkon® S and Chloramine T. Antibiotic treatment was performed using Oxytetracycline and Florfenicol. The best result was obtained in the group to which 5 mg L-1 Oxytetracycline was added. However, since mussels can uptake the same bacteria into own bodies with their own pseudofeces, it was found that it is appropriate to use antibiotic treatment and depuration applications together. In the experiment of keeping them in the same environment with the pathogens (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aero-monas caviae), intense growth of bacteria was inoculated into water. Thus, it has been determined that mussels clean the water by removing bacteria from the environment within 48 hours, so river mussels can be adapted to aquaculture systems to reduce aquatic bacteria.

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University

Project Number

FBG-2018-31504

Thanks

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University. Project number FBG-2018-31504.

References

  • Antunes, F., Hinzmann, M., Lopes-Lima, M., Machado, J., & Martins da Costa, P. (2010). Association between environmental microbiota and indigenous bacteria found in hemolymph, extrapallial fluid and mucus of Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758). Microbial ecology, 60(2), 304-309. doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9649-y. google scholar
  • Augspurger, T., Keller, A. E., Black, M. C., Cope, W. G., & Dwyer, F. J. (2003). Water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from ammonia exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 22(11), 2569-2575. google scholar
  • Bahrioğlu, E. (2017). “Examination of Growth Performance and Nutritional Composition of River Mussel (Unio Crassus Philipsson, 1788) Fed with Dried Forms of Two Different Algae Species.” Mugla Sitki Kocman University. google scholar
  • Bauer, G, & K. Wachtler, (2001). Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. google scholar
  • Bighiu, M. A., Halden, A. N., Goedkoop, W., & Ottoson, J. (2019). Assessing microbial contamination and antibiotic resistant bacteria using zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Science of the total Environment, 650, 2141-2149. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.314. google scholar
  • Çanak, Ö., & Timur, G. (2020). An initial survey on the occurrence of staphylococcal infections in Turkish marine aquaculture (20131014). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 36(6), 932-941.doi: 10.1111/ jai.14141. google scholar
  • Carella, F., Villari, G., Maio, N., & De Vico, G. (2016). Disease and disorders of freshwater unionid mussels: a brief overview of recent studies. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 489. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00489. google scholar
  • Coşkun, T., Qaranjiki A., Doğankaya L., (2019). Assessment of Some Biometric Parameters of Freshwater Mussels (Unio Crassus, Linnaeus 1758) from The Karasu Stream in Sinop Turkey. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 4(2):174-81. doi: 10.35229/ jaes.561608. google scholar
  • Cummings, K. S., & Graf, D. L. (2010). Mollusca: bivalvia. In Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates (pp. 309384). Academic Press. google scholar
  • Ercan, E. (2009). “A Research Study on Biological Integrated Wastewater Treatment System on Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.,) Breeding.” İstanbul University, Institute of Science. google scholar
  • Ercan, E., Gaygusuz, Ö., Tarkan, A. S., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013a). The ecology of freshwater bivalves in the Lake Sapanca basin, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37(6), 730-738.doi: 10.3906/zoo-1212-23. google scholar
  • Ercan, M. D., Baba, E., Ontas, C., & Sömek, S. (2013b). Pathogenicity experiment of Lactococcus gariae and Yersinia ruckeri in freshwater mollusk, Unio crassus (Philipsson, 1788). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit, 40, 685. google scholar
  • Garcia, R. L., Hansen, A. G., Chan, M. M., & Sanders, G. E. (2014). Gyrodactylid ectoparasites in a population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 53(1), 92-97. google scholar
  • Gillis, P. L., Mitchell, R. J., Schwalb, A. N., McNichols, K. A., Mackie, G. L., Wood, C. M., & Ackerman, J. D. (2008). Sensitivity of the glochidia (larvae) of freshwater mussels to copper: Assessing the effect of water hardness and dissolved organic carbon on the sensitivity of endangered species. Aquatic Toxicology, 88(2), 137-145. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.04.003. google scholar
  • Grizzle, J. M., & Brunner, C. J. (2009). Infectious diseases of freshwater mussels and other freshwater bivalve mollusks. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 17(4), 425-467. doi: 10.1080/10641260902879000. google scholar
  • Ingersoll, C. G., N. J. Kernaghan, T. S. Gross, C. D. Bishop, N. Wang, & A. Roberts. (2006). “Laboratory Toxicity Testing with Freshwater Mussels.” Pp. 95-134 in Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology, edited by J. L. Farris and J. H. Van Hassel. Florida: SETAC Press. google scholar
  • İşlıyen, S. (2017). “The Investigation of Biology and Ingredient Contents on Freshwater Mussels (Unio crassus) in Aras River (Erzurum).” Ataturk University, Institute of Science. google scholar
  • Lee, R., Lovatelli, A., & Ababouch, L. (2008). Bivalve depuration: fundamental and practical aspects. FAO. google scholar
  • Lei, J., Payne, B. S., & Wang, S. Y. (1996). Filtration dynamics of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 53(1), 29-37. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-53-1-29. google scholar
  • Leis, E., Erickson, S., Waller, D., Richard, J., & Goldberg, T. (2019). A comparison of bacteria cultured from unionid mussel hemolymph between stable populations in the Upper Mississippi River basin and populations affected by a mortality event in the Clinch River. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 22(2), 70-80. doi: 10.31931/FMBC.V22I2.2019.70-80. google scholar
  • Lopes-Lima, M., Kebapçı, U., & Van Damme, D. (2014). Unio crassus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e. T22736A42465628. google scholar
  • McMahon, R. F., & Bogan, A. E. (2001). Bivalves. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Edited by Thorp, JH, and AP Covich, Acadameic Press, New York. Pg, 331-428. google scholar
  • Nichols, S. J., Allen, J., Walker, G., Yokoyama, M., & Garling, D. (2001). Lack of surface-associated microorganisms in a mixed species community of freshwater Unionidae. Journal of Shellfish Research, 20(1), 329-335. google scholar
  • Paniagua, C., Rivero, O., Anguita, J., & Naharro, G. (1990). Pathogenicity factors and virulence for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from a river. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28(2), 350-355. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.350-355.1990. google scholar
  • Sicuro, B., Castelar, B., Mugetti, D., Pastorino, P., Chiarandon, A., Menconi, V., ... & Prearo, M. (2020). Bioremediation with freshwater bivalves: A sustainable approach to reducing the environmental impact of inland trout farms. Journal of Environmental Management, 276, 111327. google scholar
  • Serdar, S., Bulut, H., Eden, M., & Özdemir, Y. (2019). Determining bioecological and biometric properties of freshwater mussels (Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(3), 1917-1924.doi: 10.15244/pjoes/90621. google scholar
  • Serdar, S., Eden, M., & Bulut, H. (2018). Cultivation of the threatened freshwater mussel Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Çine Creek, Aydın, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 70(4), 585-592. google scholar
  • Silverman, H., Cherry, J. S., Lynn, J. W., Dietz, T. H., Nichols, S. J., & Achberger, E. (1997). Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: differences between lentic and lotic unionids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75(11), 1857-1866. doi: 10.1139/z97-815. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E., R. Villella, P. Morrison, & J. Mathias. (1998). Studies on the Bacterial Flora of Native Freshwater Bivalves from the Ohio River. Biomedical Letters 58(229):85-95. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E. (2001). The effect of depuration on transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida between the freshwater bivalve Amblema plicata and Arctic char. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 13(1), 5662. doi: 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0056:TEODOT>2.0.CO;2. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E., Neves, R. J., Hanlon, S., & Whittington, P. (2008). A survey of the indigenous microbiota (Bacteria) in three species of mussels from the Clinch and Holston rivers, Virginia. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27(5), 1311-1317. doi: 10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1311. google scholar
  • Strayer, D. L. (2008). Freshwater mussel ecology: a multifactor approach to distribution and abundance (Vol. 1). Univ. of California Press. google scholar
  • Stockton, K. A., & Moffitt, C. M. (2013). Disinfection of three wading boot surfaces infested with New Zealand mudsnails. North American journal of fisheries management, 33(3), 529-538. google scholar
  • Verdegem, Marc. (2007). Aquaculture Engineering. Vol. 38. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. google scholar
  • Waller, D. L., & Fisher, S. W. (1998). Evaluation of several chemical disinfectants for removing zebra mussels from unionid mussels. The Progressive fish-culturist, 60(4), 307-310. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0307:EOSCDF>2.0.CO;2. google scholar
  • Waller, D. L., & Cope, W. G. (2019). The status of mussel health assessment and a path forward. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 22(2), 26-42. doi: 10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2019.26-42. google scholar
  • Whitman, K. (2004). “Finfish and Shellfish Bacteriology. Manual; Techniques and Procedures. Iowa State Press.” Finfish and Shellfish Bacteriology Manual: Techniques and Procedures. 258. google scholar
  • Zepeda-Velâzquez, A. P., Vega-Sânchez, V, Ortega-Santana, C., Rubio-Godoy, M., de Oca-Mira, D. M., & Soriano-Vargas, E. (2017). Pathogenicity of Mexican isolates of Aeromonas sp. in immersion experimentally-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). Acta tropica, 169, 122-124. doi: 10.1016/j. actatropica.2017.02.013. google scholar
  • Zheng, X., Tang, J., Zhang, C., Qin, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Bacterial composition, abundance and diversity in fish polyculture and mussel-fish integrated cultured ponds in China. Aquaculture Research, 48(7), 3950-3961. doi: 10.1111/are.13221. google scholar
Year 2022, , 212 - 219, 20.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891

Abstract

Project Number

FBG-2018-31504

References

  • Antunes, F., Hinzmann, M., Lopes-Lima, M., Machado, J., & Martins da Costa, P. (2010). Association between environmental microbiota and indigenous bacteria found in hemolymph, extrapallial fluid and mucus of Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758). Microbial ecology, 60(2), 304-309. doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9649-y. google scholar
  • Augspurger, T., Keller, A. E., Black, M. C., Cope, W. G., & Dwyer, F. J. (2003). Water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from ammonia exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 22(11), 2569-2575. google scholar
  • Bahrioğlu, E. (2017). “Examination of Growth Performance and Nutritional Composition of River Mussel (Unio Crassus Philipsson, 1788) Fed with Dried Forms of Two Different Algae Species.” Mugla Sitki Kocman University. google scholar
  • Bauer, G, & K. Wachtler, (2001). Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. google scholar
  • Bighiu, M. A., Halden, A. N., Goedkoop, W., & Ottoson, J. (2019). Assessing microbial contamination and antibiotic resistant bacteria using zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Science of the total Environment, 650, 2141-2149. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.314. google scholar
  • Çanak, Ö., & Timur, G. (2020). An initial survey on the occurrence of staphylococcal infections in Turkish marine aquaculture (20131014). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 36(6), 932-941.doi: 10.1111/ jai.14141. google scholar
  • Carella, F., Villari, G., Maio, N., & De Vico, G. (2016). Disease and disorders of freshwater unionid mussels: a brief overview of recent studies. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 489. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00489. google scholar
  • Coşkun, T., Qaranjiki A., Doğankaya L., (2019). Assessment of Some Biometric Parameters of Freshwater Mussels (Unio Crassus, Linnaeus 1758) from The Karasu Stream in Sinop Turkey. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 4(2):174-81. doi: 10.35229/ jaes.561608. google scholar
  • Cummings, K. S., & Graf, D. L. (2010). Mollusca: bivalvia. In Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates (pp. 309384). Academic Press. google scholar
  • Ercan, E. (2009). “A Research Study on Biological Integrated Wastewater Treatment System on Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.,) Breeding.” İstanbul University, Institute of Science. google scholar
  • Ercan, E., Gaygusuz, Ö., Tarkan, A. S., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013a). The ecology of freshwater bivalves in the Lake Sapanca basin, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37(6), 730-738.doi: 10.3906/zoo-1212-23. google scholar
  • Ercan, M. D., Baba, E., Ontas, C., & Sömek, S. (2013b). Pathogenicity experiment of Lactococcus gariae and Yersinia ruckeri in freshwater mollusk, Unio crassus (Philipsson, 1788). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit, 40, 685. google scholar
  • Garcia, R. L., Hansen, A. G., Chan, M. M., & Sanders, G. E. (2014). Gyrodactylid ectoparasites in a population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 53(1), 92-97. google scholar
  • Gillis, P. L., Mitchell, R. J., Schwalb, A. N., McNichols, K. A., Mackie, G. L., Wood, C. M., & Ackerman, J. D. (2008). Sensitivity of the glochidia (larvae) of freshwater mussels to copper: Assessing the effect of water hardness and dissolved organic carbon on the sensitivity of endangered species. Aquatic Toxicology, 88(2), 137-145. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.04.003. google scholar
  • Grizzle, J. M., & Brunner, C. J. (2009). Infectious diseases of freshwater mussels and other freshwater bivalve mollusks. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 17(4), 425-467. doi: 10.1080/10641260902879000. google scholar
  • Ingersoll, C. G., N. J. Kernaghan, T. S. Gross, C. D. Bishop, N. Wang, & A. Roberts. (2006). “Laboratory Toxicity Testing with Freshwater Mussels.” Pp. 95-134 in Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology, edited by J. L. Farris and J. H. Van Hassel. Florida: SETAC Press. google scholar
  • İşlıyen, S. (2017). “The Investigation of Biology and Ingredient Contents on Freshwater Mussels (Unio crassus) in Aras River (Erzurum).” Ataturk University, Institute of Science. google scholar
  • Lee, R., Lovatelli, A., & Ababouch, L. (2008). Bivalve depuration: fundamental and practical aspects. FAO. google scholar
  • Lei, J., Payne, B. S., & Wang, S. Y. (1996). Filtration dynamics of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 53(1), 29-37. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-53-1-29. google scholar
  • Leis, E., Erickson, S., Waller, D., Richard, J., & Goldberg, T. (2019). A comparison of bacteria cultured from unionid mussel hemolymph between stable populations in the Upper Mississippi River basin and populations affected by a mortality event in the Clinch River. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 22(2), 70-80. doi: 10.31931/FMBC.V22I2.2019.70-80. google scholar
  • Lopes-Lima, M., Kebapçı, U., & Van Damme, D. (2014). Unio crassus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e. T22736A42465628. google scholar
  • McMahon, R. F., & Bogan, A. E. (2001). Bivalves. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Edited by Thorp, JH, and AP Covich, Acadameic Press, New York. Pg, 331-428. google scholar
  • Nichols, S. J., Allen, J., Walker, G., Yokoyama, M., & Garling, D. (2001). Lack of surface-associated microorganisms in a mixed species community of freshwater Unionidae. Journal of Shellfish Research, 20(1), 329-335. google scholar
  • Paniagua, C., Rivero, O., Anguita, J., & Naharro, G. (1990). Pathogenicity factors and virulence for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from a river. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28(2), 350-355. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.350-355.1990. google scholar
  • Sicuro, B., Castelar, B., Mugetti, D., Pastorino, P., Chiarandon, A., Menconi, V., ... & Prearo, M. (2020). Bioremediation with freshwater bivalves: A sustainable approach to reducing the environmental impact of inland trout farms. Journal of Environmental Management, 276, 111327. google scholar
  • Serdar, S., Bulut, H., Eden, M., & Özdemir, Y. (2019). Determining bioecological and biometric properties of freshwater mussels (Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(3), 1917-1924.doi: 10.15244/pjoes/90621. google scholar
  • Serdar, S., Eden, M., & Bulut, H. (2018). Cultivation of the threatened freshwater mussel Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Çine Creek, Aydın, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 70(4), 585-592. google scholar
  • Silverman, H., Cherry, J. S., Lynn, J. W., Dietz, T. H., Nichols, S. J., & Achberger, E. (1997). Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: differences between lentic and lotic unionids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75(11), 1857-1866. doi: 10.1139/z97-815. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E., R. Villella, P. Morrison, & J. Mathias. (1998). Studies on the Bacterial Flora of Native Freshwater Bivalves from the Ohio River. Biomedical Letters 58(229):85-95. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E. (2001). The effect of depuration on transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida between the freshwater bivalve Amblema plicata and Arctic char. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 13(1), 5662. doi: 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0056:TEODOT>2.0.CO;2. google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E., Neves, R. J., Hanlon, S., & Whittington, P. (2008). A survey of the indigenous microbiota (Bacteria) in three species of mussels from the Clinch and Holston rivers, Virginia. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27(5), 1311-1317. doi: 10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1311. google scholar
  • Strayer, D. L. (2008). Freshwater mussel ecology: a multifactor approach to distribution and abundance (Vol. 1). Univ. of California Press. google scholar
  • Stockton, K. A., & Moffitt, C. M. (2013). Disinfection of three wading boot surfaces infested with New Zealand mudsnails. North American journal of fisheries management, 33(3), 529-538. google scholar
  • Verdegem, Marc. (2007). Aquaculture Engineering. Vol. 38. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. google scholar
  • Waller, D. L., & Fisher, S. W. (1998). Evaluation of several chemical disinfectants for removing zebra mussels from unionid mussels. The Progressive fish-culturist, 60(4), 307-310. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0307:EOSCDF>2.0.CO;2. google scholar
  • Waller, D. L., & Cope, W. G. (2019). The status of mussel health assessment and a path forward. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, 22(2), 26-42. doi: 10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2019.26-42. google scholar
  • Whitman, K. (2004). “Finfish and Shellfish Bacteriology. Manual; Techniques and Procedures. Iowa State Press.” Finfish and Shellfish Bacteriology Manual: Techniques and Procedures. 258. google scholar
  • Zepeda-Velâzquez, A. P., Vega-Sânchez, V, Ortega-Santana, C., Rubio-Godoy, M., de Oca-Mira, D. M., & Soriano-Vargas, E. (2017). Pathogenicity of Mexican isolates of Aeromonas sp. in immersion experimentally-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). Acta tropica, 169, 122-124. doi: 10.1016/j. actatropica.2017.02.013. google scholar
  • Zheng, X., Tang, J., Zhang, C., Qin, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Bacterial composition, abundance and diversity in fish polyculture and mussel-fish integrated cultured ponds in China. Aquaculture Research, 48(7), 3950-3961. doi: 10.1111/are.13221. google scholar
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Menekşe Didem Demircan 0000-0002-3571-4682

Aygül Ekici 0000-0002-3571-4682

Gökhan Tunçelli 0000-0003-1708-7272

Merve Tınkır 0000-0003-2807-2789

İlker Keskin 0000-0002-1896-9069

Devrim Memiş 0000-0001-7378-0165

Project Number FBG-2018-31504
Publication Date October 20, 2022
Submission Date June 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Demircan, M. D., Ekici, A., Tunçelli, G., Tınkır, M., et al. (2022). Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(4), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891
AMA Demircan MD, Ekici A, Tunçelli G, Tınkır M, Keskin İ, Memiş D. Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aqua Sci Eng. October 2022;37(4):212-219. doi:10.26650/ASE202221136891
Chicago Demircan, Menekşe Didem, Aygül Ekici, Gökhan Tunçelli, Merve Tınkır, İlker Keskin, and Devrim Memiş. “Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio Crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: An In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37, no. 4 (October 2022): 212-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891.
EndNote Demircan MD, Ekici A, Tunçelli G, Tınkır M, Keskin İ, Memiş D (October 1, 2022) Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37 4 212–219.
IEEE M. D. Demircan, A. Ekici, G. Tunçelli, M. Tınkır, İ. Keskin, and D. Memiş, “Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 212–219, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ASE202221136891.
ISNAD Demircan, Menekşe Didem et al. “Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio Crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: An In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37/4 (October 2022), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891.
JAMA Demircan MD, Ekici A, Tunçelli G, Tınkır M, Keskin İ, Memiş D. Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aqua Sci Eng. 2022;37:212–219.
MLA Demircan, Menekşe Didem et al. “Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio Crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: An In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 37, no. 4, 2022, pp. 212-9, doi:10.26650/ASE202221136891.
Vancouver Demircan MD, Ekici A, Tunçelli G, Tınkır M, Keskin İ, Memiş D. Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aqua Sci Eng. 2022;37(4):212-9.

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