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THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA

Year 2017, , 76 - 95, 14.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707

Abstract

The physical disturbance caused by towing
gears effect the benthic ecosystem by reducing or changing the abundance and
distribution patterns of both infaunal and epifaunal communities. It is known
that the biodiversity in faunal assemblages alters within habitats under a
continuous scraping effect of the towing gears such as bottom and beam trawls.
This study includes the experimental surveys to determine and minimise the
impact of towing gears on benthic ecosystem that are still in use in Black Sea
and the Sea of Marmara.
 The discard rates in red mullet and whiting
reach, Average 17 % and 40% respectively of total catch, depending on misusage
and insufficient selectivity of mesh size in bottom trawls those operating in
demersal fishery.  However, the results
showed that the use of bottom trawl nets with 40 mm square mesh increased the
length selectivity for target species; whiting and red mullet and also reduced
the rate of discard and bycatch.  On the
other hand, the modifications such as sledges instead of the traditional shoes
and the removal of the steel rope in beam trawls used in sea snail fishery in
nearshore Black Sea coasts and the use of grid panels in beam trawls used in
the Sea of Marmara provided a 50% reduction in amount of bycatch.

References

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  • Aydın, C. & Düzbastılar, F.O. (2011). Otter boards’ performances and design criteria (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28, 127-136.
  • Ceylan, Y., Şahin, C., Kalaycı, F. (2014). Bottom trawl fishery discards on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15(1), 156-164.
  • Duineveld, G. C. A., Bergman, M.J.N. & Lavaleye, S.S. (2007). Effect of an area closed to fisheries on the composition of the benthic fauna in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 899-908.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Kaykaç, M.H. (2003). Resistance calculation of the conventional and tailored demersal trawl nets with their gears theoretically (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 20, 15-25.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O., Aydın, C., Metin, G., Lök, A., Ulaş, A., Özgül, A., Gül, B., Metin, C., Özbilgin, H., Şensurat, T. & Tokaç, A. (2010a). Survival of fish after escape from a 40 mm stretched diamond mesh trawl codend in the Aegean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74(4), 755-761.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O, Özbilgin, H., Aydın, C., Metin, G., Ulaş, A., Lök, A. & Metin, C. (2010b). Mortalities of fish escaping from square and diamond mesh codends in the Aegean Sea. Fisheries Research, 106, 386-392.
  • Frid, C.L.J. & Hall, S.J. (1999). Inferring changes in North Sea benthos from fish stomach analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184, 183-188.
  • Genç. Y. (2000). Türkiye’nin Doğu Karadeniz kıyılarındaki barbunya (Mullus barbatus ponticus. Ess. 1927) balığının biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ve populasyon parametreleri. PhD thesis. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Trabzon. 201s.
  • Gümüş, A. & Zengin, M. (2011). İkibinli yılların başında Samsun balıkçılığının durumu: çöken demersal balık stoklarına karşılık alternatif arayışlar. 13-16 Ekim 2011, Samsun Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, Cilt I., (pp 315-334).
  • Hall, S.J. (1999). The Effects of Marine Ecosystems and Communities. Blackwell Science, London, 274 pp.
  • Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F, D'Agrosa & C., Bruno, J.F. (2008). A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319, 948-952.
  • Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M.J. (2007). Assessing and predicting the relative ecological costs of disturbance to habitats with different sensitivities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44: 405-413.
  • Hiddink, J.G., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Piet, G. (2008). Can bottom trawling disturbance increase food production for a commercial fish species? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65, 1393-1401.
  • Hinz, H., Prieto, V. & Kaiser, M.J. (2009). Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions. Ecological Applications, 19, 761-773.
  • Hintzen, N.T., Piet, G.J. & Brunel, T. (2010). Improved estimation of trawling tracks using cubic Hermite spline interpolation of position registration data. Fisheries Research, 101, 108-115.
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  • Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M. J. (1998). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology. 34, 201-352.
  • Jennings, S. & Rice, J. (2011). Towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries in Europe: a perspective on existing progress and future directions. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 125-137.
  • Isaksen, B., Valdemarsan, J. W., Larsen, R. B. & Karlsen, L. (1992). Reduction of fish bycatch in shirimp trawl using a rigid separator grid in the aft belly. Fisheries Research, 13, 335-352.
  • Kaykaç, M. H., Zengin, M., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Akpınar İ. Ö. (2014). Structural characteristics of towing fishing gears used in the samsun coast (Black Sea). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 31(2), 87-96.
  • Kaiser, M.J.& de Groot, S.J. (2000). The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Fishing News Books. Blackwell Science: Oxford. ISBN 0-632-05355-0. XVI, 399 pp.
  • Knudsen, S., Zengin, M. & Koçak, M. H., (2010). Identifying drivers for fishing pressure. A multidisciplinary study of trawl and sea snail fisheries in Samsun, Black Sea coast of Turkey. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(5-6), 252-269.
  • Ordines, F., Massutì, E., Guijarro, B. & Mas, R. (2006). Diamond vs. square mesh codend in a multi-species trawl fishery of the western Mediterranean: effects on catch composition, yield, size selectivity and discards. Aquatic Living Resources, 19, 329-338.
  • Özdemir, S., Erdem, Y. & Erdem, E. (2012). The determination of size selection of whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) by square mesh panel and diamond mesh codends of demersal trawl in the southern part of Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12, 407-410.
  • Pitcher. C. R., Poiner, I. R., Hill, B.J. & Burridge, C.Y. (2000). Implications of the effects of trawling on sessile megazoobenthos on a tropical shelf in northeastern Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1359-1368.
  • Piet, G. J., van Hal, R., & Greenstreet, S. P. R. (2009). Modelling the direct impact of bottom trawling on the North Sea fish community to derive estimates of fishing mortality for non-target fish species. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 1985-1998.
  • Roberts, C., 2007. The unnatural history of the sea. Island Press. ISBN: 9781597265775 p 456.
  • Rice, J. (2011). Managing fisheries well: delivering the promises of an ecosystem approach. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 209-231.
  • Rijnsdorp, A.D., Buys, A.M., Storbeck., F. & Visser, E. G. (1998). Micro-scale distribution of beam trawls effort in the southern North Sea between 1993 and 1996 in relation to the trawling frequency of the sea bed and the impact on benthic organisms. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55, 403-419.
  • Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Vingerhoed, B. 2001. Feeding of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, and sole Solea solea in relation to the effects of bottom trawling. Journal of Sea Research, 45, 219-230.
  • Sağlam, H., Düzgüneş E. & Öğüt, H. (2009). Reproductive ecology of the invasive whelk Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846, in the southeastern Black Sea (Gastropoda: Muricidae). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 1865-1867.
  • Sala, A., Lucchetti, A., Piccinetti, C. & Ferretti, M. (2008). Size selection by diamond- and square-mesh codends in multi-species Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries. Fisheries Research. 93, 8-21.
  • Stergiou, K. I., Economou, A., Papaconstantinou, C., Tsimenidis, N. & Kavadas, S. (1998). Estimates of Discards in the Helenic Commercial Trawl Fishery. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 35, 490-491.
  • Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Gibbs, M., Lundquist, C. & Norkko, A. (2006). Functional role of large organisms in intertidal communities: community effects and ecosystem function. Ecosystems, 9, 1029-1040.
  • Tillin, H.M., Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M.J. (2006). Chronic bottom trawling alters the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities on a sea-basin scale. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 318, 31-45.
  • Valdemarsen, J.W., Jørgensen, T. & Engås, A. (2007). Options to mitigate bottom habitat impact of dragged gears. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 506. Rome, FAO. 2007. 29p.
  • Yıldız, T., Başkaya, A., Uzer, U., Kahraman, A. E. & Karakulak, S. (2013). Catch Composition in Bottom Trawl Fisheri in Westren Black Sea (Turkey). Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 40, 2013.
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DİP SÜRÜTME AĞLARININ BENTİK MAKROFAUNA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: MARMARA VE KARADENİZ’DEKİ GÜNCEL DURUM

Year 2017, , 76 - 95, 14.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707

Abstract

Trol
ve algarna gibi dipte sürüklenerek çekilen av araçları bentik ekosistem
üzerinde yarattıkları fiziksel etki sebebiyle, infaunal ve epifaunal canlı
komünitelerin azalmasına veya tümüyle ölümüne sebep olmaktadırlar. Bu nedenle
sürütme ağlarının kazıma etkisine sürekli olarak maruz kalan balıkçılık
alanlarında faunal birliklerin tür çeşitliliği açısından değiştiği
bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma, Karadeniz ve Marmara Denizi’nde başlıca kullanılan
dip sürükleme ağlarından dip trolü ve algarnaların bentik ekosistem üzerine
olan etkileri ve bu etkilerin azaltılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmaları
içermektedir. Karadeniz’de barbunya ve mezgit gibi hedef demersal balıkların
avcılığında kullanılan dip trol ağlarında işletim hatalarından ve ağ göz
açıklığının yetersizliğinden ötürü ıskarta av oranları sırasıyla %25 ve
%42’lere kadar ulaşmaktadır. Buna karşın dip trol ağlarının torba kısmında 40
mm kare gözlü ağ kullanımı, bu hedef türlerin boy seçiciliğini arttırdığı gibi,
ıskarta oranlarının da azaltılmasına olumlu katkılar sağlamıştır. Diğer
taraftan yine Karadeniz’deki yakın kıyı bentiğinde; deniz salyangozu
avcılığında kullanılan geleneksel algarnanın ayak aksamının kızak ile
değiştirilmesi ve ayaklar arasındaki çelik halatın kaldırılması, Marmara
denizinde ise karides algarnalarında ızgara panel kullanımı, hedef dışı av
oranını %50 oranında düşürmüştür.

References

  • Aydın, M., Zengin, M., Düzgüneş, E. & Mutlu, C. (1998). Determination of selectivity parameters of gill nets and trawl nets for whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) in the Eastern Black Sea. In Çelikkale, M.S., Düzgüneş, E., Okumuş, İ. & Mutlu, C (Eds) The Proceeding of the First International Symposium on Fisheries and Ecology, 2-4 September 1998, Trabzon, Turkey (pp. 121-129).
  • Aydın, C. & Düzbastılar, F.O. (2011). Otter boards’ performances and design criteria (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28, 127-136.
  • Ceylan, Y., Şahin, C., Kalaycı, F. (2014). Bottom trawl fishery discards on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15(1), 156-164.
  • Duineveld, G. C. A., Bergman, M.J.N. & Lavaleye, S.S. (2007). Effect of an area closed to fisheries on the composition of the benthic fauna in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 899-908.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Kaykaç, M.H. (2003). Resistance calculation of the conventional and tailored demersal trawl nets with their gears theoretically (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 20, 15-25.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O., Aydın, C., Metin, G., Lök, A., Ulaş, A., Özgül, A., Gül, B., Metin, C., Özbilgin, H., Şensurat, T. & Tokaç, A. (2010a). Survival of fish after escape from a 40 mm stretched diamond mesh trawl codend in the Aegean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74(4), 755-761.
  • Düzbastılar, F.O, Özbilgin, H., Aydın, C., Metin, G., Ulaş, A., Lök, A. & Metin, C. (2010b). Mortalities of fish escaping from square and diamond mesh codends in the Aegean Sea. Fisheries Research, 106, 386-392.
  • Frid, C.L.J. & Hall, S.J. (1999). Inferring changes in North Sea benthos from fish stomach analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184, 183-188.
  • Genç. Y. (2000). Türkiye’nin Doğu Karadeniz kıyılarındaki barbunya (Mullus barbatus ponticus. Ess. 1927) balığının biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ve populasyon parametreleri. PhD thesis. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Trabzon. 201s.
  • Gümüş, A. & Zengin, M. (2011). İkibinli yılların başında Samsun balıkçılığının durumu: çöken demersal balık stoklarına karşılık alternatif arayışlar. 13-16 Ekim 2011, Samsun Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, Cilt I., (pp 315-334).
  • Hall, S.J. (1999). The Effects of Marine Ecosystems and Communities. Blackwell Science, London, 274 pp.
  • Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F, D'Agrosa & C., Bruno, J.F. (2008). A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319, 948-952.
  • Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M.J. (2007). Assessing and predicting the relative ecological costs of disturbance to habitats with different sensitivities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44: 405-413.
  • Hiddink, J.G., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Piet, G. (2008). Can bottom trawling disturbance increase food production for a commercial fish species? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65, 1393-1401.
  • Hinz, H., Prieto, V. & Kaiser, M.J. (2009). Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions. Ecological Applications, 19, 761-773.
  • Hintzen, N.T., Piet, G.J. & Brunel, T. (2010). Improved estimation of trawling tracks using cubic Hermite spline interpolation of position registration data. Fisheries Research, 101, 108-115.
  • İsmen, A. (1995). The biology and population parameters of the whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus Nordmann) in the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. PhD. thesis, Mersin: Middle East Technical University, 215 pp.
  • Jackson, J.B.C., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H., Bjorndal, K.A., Botsford, L.W., Bourque, B.J. & Bradbury, R.H. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293, 629-638.
  • Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M. J. (1998). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology. 34, 201-352.
  • Jennings, S. & Rice, J. (2011). Towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries in Europe: a perspective on existing progress and future directions. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 125-137.
  • Isaksen, B., Valdemarsan, J. W., Larsen, R. B. & Karlsen, L. (1992). Reduction of fish bycatch in shirimp trawl using a rigid separator grid in the aft belly. Fisheries Research, 13, 335-352.
  • Kaykaç, M. H., Zengin, M., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Akpınar İ. Ö. (2014). Structural characteristics of towing fishing gears used in the samsun coast (Black Sea). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 31(2), 87-96.
  • Kaiser, M.J.& de Groot, S.J. (2000). The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Fishing News Books. Blackwell Science: Oxford. ISBN 0-632-05355-0. XVI, 399 pp.
  • Knudsen, S., Zengin, M. & Koçak, M. H., (2010). Identifying drivers for fishing pressure. A multidisciplinary study of trawl and sea snail fisheries in Samsun, Black Sea coast of Turkey. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(5-6), 252-269.
  • Ordines, F., Massutì, E., Guijarro, B. & Mas, R. (2006). Diamond vs. square mesh codend in a multi-species trawl fishery of the western Mediterranean: effects on catch composition, yield, size selectivity and discards. Aquatic Living Resources, 19, 329-338.
  • Özdemir, S., Erdem, Y. & Erdem, E. (2012). The determination of size selection of whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) by square mesh panel and diamond mesh codends of demersal trawl in the southern part of Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12, 407-410.
  • Pitcher. C. R., Poiner, I. R., Hill, B.J. & Burridge, C.Y. (2000). Implications of the effects of trawling on sessile megazoobenthos on a tropical shelf in northeastern Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1359-1368.
  • Piet, G. J., van Hal, R., & Greenstreet, S. P. R. (2009). Modelling the direct impact of bottom trawling on the North Sea fish community to derive estimates of fishing mortality for non-target fish species. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 1985-1998.
  • Roberts, C., 2007. The unnatural history of the sea. Island Press. ISBN: 9781597265775 p 456.
  • Rice, J. (2011). Managing fisheries well: delivering the promises of an ecosystem approach. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 209-231.
  • Rijnsdorp, A.D., Buys, A.M., Storbeck., F. & Visser, E. G. (1998). Micro-scale distribution of beam trawls effort in the southern North Sea between 1993 and 1996 in relation to the trawling frequency of the sea bed and the impact on benthic organisms. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55, 403-419.
  • Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Vingerhoed, B. 2001. Feeding of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, and sole Solea solea in relation to the effects of bottom trawling. Journal of Sea Research, 45, 219-230.
  • Sağlam, H., Düzgüneş E. & Öğüt, H. (2009). Reproductive ecology of the invasive whelk Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846, in the southeastern Black Sea (Gastropoda: Muricidae). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 1865-1867.
  • Sala, A., Lucchetti, A., Piccinetti, C. & Ferretti, M. (2008). Size selection by diamond- and square-mesh codends in multi-species Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries. Fisheries Research. 93, 8-21.
  • Stergiou, K. I., Economou, A., Papaconstantinou, C., Tsimenidis, N. & Kavadas, S. (1998). Estimates of Discards in the Helenic Commercial Trawl Fishery. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 35, 490-491.
  • Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Gibbs, M., Lundquist, C. & Norkko, A. (2006). Functional role of large organisms in intertidal communities: community effects and ecosystem function. Ecosystems, 9, 1029-1040.
  • Tillin, H.M., Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M.J. (2006). Chronic bottom trawling alters the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities on a sea-basin scale. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 318, 31-45.
  • Valdemarsen, J.W., Jørgensen, T. & Engås, A. (2007). Options to mitigate bottom habitat impact of dragged gears. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 506. Rome, FAO. 2007. 29p.
  • Yıldız, T., Başkaya, A., Uzer, U., Kahraman, A. E. & Karakulak, S. (2013). Catch Composition in Bottom Trawl Fisheri in Westren Black Sea (Turkey). Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 40, 2013.
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There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Zengin

Hakan Kaykaç

Aysun Gümüş This is me

İlkay Özcan Akpınar

Publication Date April 14, 2017
Submission Date December 12, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Zengin, M., Kaykaç, H., Gümüş, A., Akpınar, İ. Ö. (2017). THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 32(2), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707
AMA Zengin M, Kaykaç H, Gümüş A, Akpınar İÖ. THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA. Aqua Sci Eng. April 2017;32(2):76-95. doi:10.18864/TJAS201707
Chicago Zengin, Mustafa, Hakan Kaykaç, Aysun Gümüş, and İlkay Özcan Akpınar. “THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32, no. 2 (April 2017): 76-95. https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707.
EndNote Zengin M, Kaykaç H, Gümüş A, Akpınar İÖ (April 1, 2017) THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32 2 76–95.
IEEE M. Zengin, H. Kaykaç, A. Gümüş, and İ. Ö. Akpınar, “THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 76–95, 2017, doi: 10.18864/TJAS201707.
ISNAD Zengin, Mustafa et al. “THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32/2 (April 2017), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707.
JAMA Zengin M, Kaykaç H, Gümüş A, Akpınar İÖ. THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA. Aqua Sci Eng. 2017;32:76–95.
MLA Zengin, Mustafa et al. “THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 32, no. 2, 2017, pp. 76-95, doi:10.18864/TJAS201707.
Vancouver Zengin M, Kaykaç H, Gümüş A, Akpınar İÖ. THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA. Aqua Sci Eng. 2017;32(2):76-95.

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