Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Polonya'nın Dış Politika Dönüşümü

Year 2026, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 145 - 175, 15.01.2026

Murat Alakel , Uğur Can Özkan

https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.1757362

Abstract

Bu makale, Polonya’nın Soğuk Savaş sonrası dış politika dönüşümünü neo-klasik realizm çerçevesinde incelemekte; özellikle Batılı kurumlara entegrasyonu ve küresel dinamiklerin evrimiyle şekillenen stratejik yeniden konumlanmayı ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Polonya’nın Soğuk Savaş sonrası dış politikasının ilk dönemlerde olduğu gibi yalnızca Batı’ya entegrasyonu teşvik eden sistemik baskılarla değil, aynı zamanda çok kutupluluğun etkisiyle özellikle Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi (PiS) döneminde belirginleşen iç siyasal dinamiklerin bu baskıları aracılık ederek daha seçici, iddialı ve bölgeselci bir dış politika yönelimi üretmesiyle şekillendiği hipotezini ileri sürmektedir. 1991 yılında iki kutuplu düzenin çökmesinin ardından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri baskın küresel aktör olarak öne çıkarken; küreselleşmenin yükselişi de ülkenin batı eksenli uluslararası ilişkilerini şekillendirmiştir. Bu çerçevede Polonya, dış politika hedeflerini yeniden tanımlayarak önce NATO ve sonra Avrupa Birliği’ne katılmayı öncelik haline getirmiş ve öncesinde transatlantik güvenlik yapılarıyla ikinci Irak Savaşında konumlanmıştır. Çalışma, Polonya’nın demokratikleşme sürecini, piyasa ekonomisine geçiş döneminde uluslararası finans kuruluşlarıyla kurduğu ilişkileri ve Visegrad Grubu ile Üç Deniz Girişimi gibi bölgesel inisiyatifler aracılığıyla yeni bölgesel jeopolitik konumunu pekiştirmesini ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışmada AB’nin ekonomik, göç, güvenlik sorunları ve Rusya’nın yayılmacılığı karşısında etkisiz kalması, küresel systemin çok kutupluluğa evrilmesi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile kurulan stratejik ittifaka ve Rusya’ya olan enerji bağımlılığını azaltmaya yönelik enerji güvenliği politikalarının evrimine de özel bir dikkat gösterilmektedir. Makale esas olarak, Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi (PiS) yönetimindeki popülist yönetişimin etkilerini değerlendirmekte; Avrupa Birliği ile artan gerilimleri, hukukun üstünlüğüne yönelik tehditleri ve diplomatik kurumların yeniden yapılandırılmasını irdelemektedir. Çalışmanın yöntemi hem betimleyici hem de tartışmacı niteliksel içerik analizine dayanmaktadır; resmi Politika belgelerinden yararlanılarak Türk uluslararası ilişkiler literatürüne katkı yapılmak istenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Polonya’nın Soğuk Savaş sonrası dış politikasının başlangıçta Batı’ya geçiş ve entegrasyon etrafında şekillendiğini, ancak son yıllarda iç siyasi değişimlerle yön verilen daha iddialı bir bölgeselcilik ve seçici transatlantikçiliğe doğru kayma, bu yönüyle dış politikada çeşitlilik yaşandığını savunmaktadır.

Keywords

Polonya Dış Politikası , NATO ve AB Entegrasyonu , Stratejik Özerklik , Enerji Güvenliği , Popülizm , Hukukun Üstünlüğü.

Poland’s Foreign Policy Transformation in the Post-Cold War Era

Abstract

This article examines Poland’s post-Cold War foreign policy transformation through the lens of neoclassical realism, focusing on its integration into Western institutions and the strategic recalibration driven by evolving global dynamics. In this context, this article hypothesizes that Poland’s post-Cold War foreign policy has been shaped not only-as the previous decades-by systemic pressures favouring Western integration, but also by domestic political dynamics which, particularly under the Law and Justice Party (PiS), later it have mediated these pressures and produced a more selective, assertive, and regionally oriented foreign policy orientation with the emerging multipolarity. Following the collapse of the bipolar order in 1991, the United States emerged as the dominant global actor, while the rise of globalization reshaped the country’s western centric international relations. In this context, Poland redefined its foreign policy objectives by prioritizing first, accession to NATO and later the European Union, and aligning itself with transatlantic security structures during second Iraq Wars. The study explores Poland’s democratization process, its engagement with international financial institutions during the transition to a market economy, and the consolidation of its new regional geopolitical position through initiatives such as the Visegrad Group and the Three Seas Initiative. Furthermore, the study examines the EU’s infectiveness in the face of economic, migration, security, Russian revisionism questions with the evolution of multipolarity of global system which all particular attention is paid to the strategic alliance with the United States and the evolution of energy security policies aimed at reducing dependence on Russia. Moreover, the article assesses the implications of populist governance under the Law and Justice Party (PiS), highlighting rising tensions with the European Union, challenges to the rule of law, and the restructuring of diplomatic institutions. Drawing on both descriptive and discursive qualitative content analysis of policy documents due to contribute more to Turkish academic literature, this study argues that while Poland’s post-Cold War foreign policy initially revolved around from transition to Western integration, however, recent years have witnessed a shift to diversity toward assertive regionalism and selective trans-Atlanticism shaped by domestic political change.

Keywords

Polish Foreign Policy , NATO and EU Integration , Strategic Autonomy , Energy Security , Populism , Rule of Law

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma etik beyan ilkelerine uyularak hazırlanmıştır.

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