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The Ottoman Policy Towards Church Construction : The Issue of Church Construction and Restoration in Antakya (Antioch) in the 18th and 19th Centuries

Year 2018, , 53 - 71, 01.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.412826

Abstract

The rules of restoring or building a church in the lands of Islam were
determined by Islamic law.
 It is believed that the Ottoman authorities followed
these rules and applied some restrictions concerning construction and
restoration of worship areas of non-Muslims. However, this study suggests that
, in some cases, Ottoman pragmatism, the domestic and the international
economic and political developments, and the Ottoman reforms, especially the
Tanzimat Reforms between 1839-1876, forced the state to overlook the Shari’a
rules regarding church restoration and construction. Besides these factors, as
in the case of Antakya (Antioch), regional political developments that were the
control of the city by the governor of Egypt between 1832-1840 and the Muslim
reaction to church construction or restoration attempts of non-Muslims were
determinant in church construction and restoration process.

References

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY:
  • Archival Documents:BOA, A.MKT.DN: 66/12. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadâret Mektûbî Kalemi)BOA, A.MKT.UM. DN:118/81. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadâret Umum Vilayet Evrakı)BOA, A.MKT.MVL. DN: 57A/ 73, 34. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadaret Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı )BOA, DH. MKT. DN: 937/2. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Dâhiliye Mektûbî)BOA, BEO. DN: 1605/120335. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, BEO. DN:1632/122362. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, BEO. DN: 1710/128232. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası) B.O.A, BEO. DN: 1762/132130. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, B.O.A, HAT. DN:1006/42212-A. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HAT. DN: 775/36351-B. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HAT. DN: 775/36353. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HR.MKT. DN: 30/52. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Mektubi)BOA, HR. MKT. DN: 56/53. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Mektubi)BOA, I.H. DN: 15405. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Irade Hariciyye)BOA, MVL. DN: 124/59. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Meclis-i Vâlâ)BOA, HR.SYS. DN: 15/27/1. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi)BOA, HR. SYS. DN: 1786/11. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi)
  • Primary Sources:Ainsworth, W. F. (1888). A personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co.Buckingham, J. S. (1825). Travels Among the Arab Tribes Inhabiting the Countries East of Syria and Palestine. London.Çatalcalı Ali Efendi. (2014). Açıklamalı Osmanlı Fetvâları: Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi, Cild-i Evvel. (Açıklayan: H. Necati Demirtaş). Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyat.Neale, J. M. (1873). A History of the Holy Eastern Church, The Patriarchate of Antioch. London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons.Parsons, A. (1808) Travels in Asia and Africa. London.Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, vol. II, part I, Observations on Palestine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia. London.
  • Secondary Sources:Bahadir, G. (2014). II. Bohemond Doneminde Antakya Hacli Prensligi (1126-1130). Tarih Arastirmalari Dergisi, XXXIII. Cilt, Sayi: 56: p. 89-110, Ankara. Braude, B. (1982) "Foundation Myths of the Millet System." in Christian and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, (eds. Benjamin B. and Lewis B.), 68-88. New York: Holmes&Meier Publishers.Davison, R. H. (1976). Russian Skill and Turkish Imbecility": The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji Reconsidered.” Slavic Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, p. 463-483, Cambridge.Demir, A. (1996). Çağlar Icinde Antakya. Istanbul: Akbank Yayinevi.Downey, G.( 1961). A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Düzdağ, M. E. (1998). Seyhülislam Ebussu’ud Efendi’nin Fetvalarina Göre Kanuni Devrinde Osmanli Hayati: Fetava-yi Ebussu’ud Efendi. Istanbul: Şule Yayınlar.Gradeva, R. (1994). Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings. Balkan Studies, Issue:4, p. 14-36, Thessaloniki.Gradeva, R. (2012). From the Bottom Up and Back Again until Who Knows When: Church Restoration Procedures in the Ottoman Empire, Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries (Preliminary Notes), Political Initiatives From the Bottom Up” in the Ottoman Empire, (Ed. Anastasopoulos A.), Crete University Press, Rethymno.Hopwood, D. (1969). The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine 1843-1914. London: Clarendon Press-Oxford.Karpat, K. H.( 1982). Millets and Nationality: The Roots of the Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era. in Christian and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. (eds. Benjamin B. and Lewis B.), 141-169. New York: Holmes&Meier Publishers, Vol. 1.Kasaba, R. (2006). Diversity in Antakya: A Historical Perspective. In The Mediterranean World: The Idea, the Past, and the Present. (Eds. Emiroğlu E., Özel O., Özveren E., Ünsal S.), p. 207-222, Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.Kennedy, H. (2006). The Mediterranean Frontier: Christianity face to face with Islam, 600-1050, in the Cambridge History of Christianity: Early Medieval Christianities, (ed. Thomas F.X.), 178-196, vol III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kılıç, M. (2004). Tanzimat Sürecinde Antakya Ortodoks Rum Patrikhanesi ve Antakya'da Dini Hayat. (Unpublished Master Thesis), İstanbul: Marmara Universitesi. Kiel, M. (1985). Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period. A Sketch of the Economic, Juridical and Artistic Preconditions of Bulgarian Post- Byzantine Art and its Place in the Development of the Art of the Christian Balkans, 1360/70-1700. A New İnterpretation. Van Gorcum, Assen/ Maastricht, The Netherlands.Kireççi, R. (2001). Dinler ve Tarih Hazinesi Hatay. Hatay.Koyuncu, N.( 2014). Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gayrimüslimlerin Din ve Vicdan Hürriyetleri Bağlamında Mâbedlerin Hukuki Statüsü. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.Köse, Ö. F. (2016). The Fatwa Collection of an Ottoman Provincial Mufti, Vani Mehmed Efendi (d. 1685). (Unpublished Master Thesis ), İstanbul: Bogazici University.Lazarev, I. D. (2006). Beyond Empire I: Eastern Christianities from the Persian to the Turkish Conquest: 604-1071," in The Cambridge History of Christianity: Early Medieval Christianities, (ed. Thomas F. X.), 68-85, vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ma’oz, M. (1968). Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine 1840-1861. Oxford University Press.Masters, B. (2004). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Naseh, J. (2003). Hatay Kültür ve Sanat Sempozyumu Tebliği, Hatay.Peri, O. (2001). Christianity under Islam in Jerusalem: The Question of the Holy Sites in Early Ottoman Times. Boston: Brill.Runciman, S. (1968). The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Zavagno, L. (2009). Cities in Transition Urbanism in Byzantium Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (50-900 A.D). Oxford: British Archeological Reports.

OSMANLI'NIN KİLİSE İNŞAASINA YÖNELİK POLİTİKASI: 18. VE 19. YÜZYILDA ANTAKYA'DA KİLİSE İNŞAASI VE RESTORASYONU MESELESİ

Year 2018, , 53 - 71, 01.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.412826

Abstract

İslam topraklarında kilise inşaası veya restorasyonu ile ilgili kurallar
şer’iyye kuralları ile belirlenmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun bu kuralları
benimsediğine ve kilise inşaası konusunda gayrimüslim halka bazı kısıtlamalar
getirdiğine inanılır. Ancak, bazı durumlarda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun
çıkarları, içeride ve dışarıdaki politik ve ekonomik gelişmeler ve uygulanan
reformlar, özellikle Tanzimat reformları, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun bu
kısıtlayıcı kuralları uygulamaya koymamaya zorlamıştır. Bu faktörlerin yanında,
bazı bölgesel gelişmeler de kilise insaasına dair şer’i hükümlerin
uygulanamamasına sebep olmuştur. Antakya kazasında olduğu gibi, 1832-1840
yılları arasında Mısır valisinin şehri işgal etmesi ve Müslüman halkın kilise
inşaası ya da restorasyonuna dair verdikleri tepkiler kilise inşaası ya da
restorasyonuna dair kuralların uygulanması ya da uygulanmaması bağlamında
etkili olmuştur.

References

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY:
  • Archival Documents:BOA, A.MKT.DN: 66/12. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadâret Mektûbî Kalemi)BOA, A.MKT.UM. DN:118/81. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadâret Umum Vilayet Evrakı)BOA, A.MKT.MVL. DN: 57A/ 73, 34. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Sadaret Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı )BOA, DH. MKT. DN: 937/2. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Dâhiliye Mektûbî)BOA, BEO. DN: 1605/120335. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, BEO. DN:1632/122362. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, BEO. DN: 1710/128232. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası) B.O.A, BEO. DN: 1762/132130. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Babıâlî Evrak Odası)BOA, B.O.A, HAT. DN:1006/42212-A. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HAT. DN: 775/36351-B. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HAT. DN: 775/36353. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn)BOA, HR.MKT. DN: 30/52. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Mektubi)BOA, HR. MKT. DN: 56/53. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Mektubi)BOA, I.H. DN: 15405. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Irade Hariciyye)BOA, MVL. DN: 124/59. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Meclis-i Vâlâ)BOA, HR.SYS. DN: 15/27/1. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi)BOA, HR. SYS. DN: 1786/11. (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi)
  • Primary Sources:Ainsworth, W. F. (1888). A personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co.Buckingham, J. S. (1825). Travels Among the Arab Tribes Inhabiting the Countries East of Syria and Palestine. London.Çatalcalı Ali Efendi. (2014). Açıklamalı Osmanlı Fetvâları: Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi, Cild-i Evvel. (Açıklayan: H. Necati Demirtaş). Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyat.Neale, J. M. (1873). A History of the Holy Eastern Church, The Patriarchate of Antioch. London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons.Parsons, A. (1808) Travels in Asia and Africa. London.Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, vol. II, part I, Observations on Palestine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia. London.
  • Secondary Sources:Bahadir, G. (2014). II. Bohemond Doneminde Antakya Hacli Prensligi (1126-1130). Tarih Arastirmalari Dergisi, XXXIII. Cilt, Sayi: 56: p. 89-110, Ankara. Braude, B. (1982) "Foundation Myths of the Millet System." in Christian and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, (eds. Benjamin B. and Lewis B.), 68-88. New York: Holmes&Meier Publishers.Davison, R. H. (1976). Russian Skill and Turkish Imbecility": The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji Reconsidered.” Slavic Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, p. 463-483, Cambridge.Demir, A. (1996). Çağlar Icinde Antakya. Istanbul: Akbank Yayinevi.Downey, G.( 1961). A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Düzdağ, M. E. (1998). Seyhülislam Ebussu’ud Efendi’nin Fetvalarina Göre Kanuni Devrinde Osmanli Hayati: Fetava-yi Ebussu’ud Efendi. Istanbul: Şule Yayınlar.Gradeva, R. (1994). Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings. Balkan Studies, Issue:4, p. 14-36, Thessaloniki.Gradeva, R. (2012). From the Bottom Up and Back Again until Who Knows When: Church Restoration Procedures in the Ottoman Empire, Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries (Preliminary Notes), Political Initiatives From the Bottom Up” in the Ottoman Empire, (Ed. Anastasopoulos A.), Crete University Press, Rethymno.Hopwood, D. (1969). The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine 1843-1914. London: Clarendon Press-Oxford.Karpat, K. H.( 1982). Millets and Nationality: The Roots of the Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era. in Christian and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. (eds. Benjamin B. and Lewis B.), 141-169. New York: Holmes&Meier Publishers, Vol. 1.Kasaba, R. (2006). Diversity in Antakya: A Historical Perspective. In The Mediterranean World: The Idea, the Past, and the Present. (Eds. Emiroğlu E., Özel O., Özveren E., Ünsal S.), p. 207-222, Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.Kennedy, H. (2006). The Mediterranean Frontier: Christianity face to face with Islam, 600-1050, in the Cambridge History of Christianity: Early Medieval Christianities, (ed. Thomas F.X.), 178-196, vol III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kılıç, M. (2004). Tanzimat Sürecinde Antakya Ortodoks Rum Patrikhanesi ve Antakya'da Dini Hayat. (Unpublished Master Thesis), İstanbul: Marmara Universitesi. Kiel, M. (1985). Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period. A Sketch of the Economic, Juridical and Artistic Preconditions of Bulgarian Post- Byzantine Art and its Place in the Development of the Art of the Christian Balkans, 1360/70-1700. A New İnterpretation. Van Gorcum, Assen/ Maastricht, The Netherlands.Kireççi, R. (2001). Dinler ve Tarih Hazinesi Hatay. Hatay.Koyuncu, N.( 2014). Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gayrimüslimlerin Din ve Vicdan Hürriyetleri Bağlamında Mâbedlerin Hukuki Statüsü. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.Köse, Ö. F. (2016). The Fatwa Collection of an Ottoman Provincial Mufti, Vani Mehmed Efendi (d. 1685). (Unpublished Master Thesis ), İstanbul: Bogazici University.Lazarev, I. D. (2006). Beyond Empire I: Eastern Christianities from the Persian to the Turkish Conquest: 604-1071," in The Cambridge History of Christianity: Early Medieval Christianities, (ed. Thomas F. X.), 68-85, vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ma’oz, M. (1968). Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine 1840-1861. Oxford University Press.Masters, B. (2004). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Naseh, J. (2003). Hatay Kültür ve Sanat Sempozyumu Tebliği, Hatay.Peri, O. (2001). Christianity under Islam in Jerusalem: The Question of the Holy Sites in Early Ottoman Times. Boston: Brill.Runciman, S. (1968). The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Zavagno, L. (2009). Cities in Transition Urbanism in Byzantium Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (50-900 A.D). Oxford: British Archeological Reports.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section History
Authors

Ali Çapar

Publication Date July 1, 2018
Submission Date April 5, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Çapar, A. (2018). OSMANLI’NIN KİLİSE İNŞAASINA YÖNELİK POLİTİKASI: 18. VE 19. YÜZYILDA ANTAKYA’DA KİLİSE İNŞAASI VE RESTORASYONU MESELESİ. Asia Minor Studies, 6(12), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.412826