BİR ULUS İNŞA ETMEK: TÜRK TARİH YAZIM BİLİMİNDE BALKAN BÖLGESİNİN YERİ

Öz

Türk tarih yazım biliminde ‘millet’ veya ‘vatan’ gibi kavramlar yakından coğrafyayla bağlıdır. Bu ‘millet’ anlayışı dünyadaki diğer ülkelerden farklı değildir. Ancak Türk tarih yazım bilimi bu köken olarak batı icadı olan ‘millet’ kavramını kullanarak, batı kültürü ve Türk kültürünü aynı tutmaktadır. Halbuki bazı noktalarda Türk kültürü batı kültüründen farklıdır.Batı uygarlıklarında bireyler her zaman mümkün olduğu kadar aynı yerde kalmışlardır. Böylece bir ‘ulus’ inşat etme sürecinde aynı bölgede yaşayanları coğrafî anlamda toplamak mümkündü, sonuçta bu bireyler köy halinde aileleriyle beraber asırlardır aynı topraklarda yaşamaktaydılar. Türkiye bu konuda çok farklı bir izlem takip etmektedir. Türkler göçebe bir millet olduklarından dolayı, herhangi bir bölgeyle güçlü bağı oluşturmamışlardır. Oluşturmadıkları gibi uzun sure aynı yerde kalmayıp her zaman farklı bir bölgeye göç etmeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Bu göç Türkleri Asya'dan Avrupa'ya ve hatta Kuzey Afrika’ya kadar uzunmak üzere olan farklı kıtalara bile taşımıştır. Bu nedenle Türkleri bir bölgeye bağlayarak bir ulus inşa etmek hayliyle güç olmuştur. Bunu başarmak için Türk tarih yazım biliminde ulus oluşturulması istenen Anadolu’ya daha çok önem verip başka bölgeleri arka plana atmak zorunda kalmıştır. Böylece Anadolu’da Türk öncesi var olan Sümer ve Eti uygarlıklar, Balkanlara göç eden Peçenekler gibi Türk boyları daha çok önem kazanmıştır. Bu araştırma Türk tarih yazımbiliminde vurgu ve ihmal edilen noktalara bakmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarih Yazım Bilimi,Anadolu,Balkanlar,Millet İnşa Etme

Forging A Nation: The Role of The Balkans in Turkish Historiography

Abstract

In Turkish historiography the aspect of ‘nation’ is closely tied to geography. This is not different with other nations. However, one important aspect is that Turkishhistoriography implements a western concept of ‘the geographical nation’ while the Turkish culture differs in some ways from the western one. The western civilizations are defined by peasants that mostly stayed on one location which made a geographical form of ‘nation’ much more suitable for them. Turkey is found by nomadic horsemen who were never situated on one location but focused on rapid migration. These migrating Turkish tribes crossed continents, from Asia to Europe and even North Africa.Therefore, it is not surprising to see that Turkish historiography had to emphasize and leave out certain parts of its history in order to create a geographical focus with only one region. This was especially the case when the Balkans were left out of major historical events in Turkish historiography and replaced by Anatolian events. The focus on pre-Turkish civilizations in Anatolia, like the Sumerians and Hittites, instead of Turkish tribes in the Balkans for instance the Peçeneks seems to fit in this picture. This paper will look into this emphasis and neglect in Turkish historiography

Keywords

• Historiography,Anatolia,Balkans,nationbuilding,Turkey,nation

References

1. Adhikari, S. & Mukul Kamle, M. (2010). The Kashmir: An Unresolved Dispute Between India and Pakistan. Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume: 6, Issue: 4, pp. 58-107.
2. Ahmad, F. (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge.
3. Altınay, A.G. (2004). The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, And Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4. Arıca, S.T. & Yaşasınoğlu, A. (2010). Çeyrek Asrın Soruları: Tarih çıkmış 1985-2010 soruları ('The Questions of a quarter century: History questions between 1985- 2010') Ankara: Örnek Yayınevi.
5. Bais, A. (2008). De Eeuw van Azië: Een Onafwendbare Mondiale Machtsverschuiving. Amsterdam: Nw A'dam. Translation, see Mahbubani, K. (2008) for original. Üngör & Polatel 25.
6. Baykara, T. (2000). The Meaning of Turk: Turk's Brief History and Present. Ankara: Atatürk Culture Centre.
7. Belge, M. (2010). Genç Kalemler and Turkish Nationalism. In Kerslake, C., Öktem, K. & Robins, P. (eds.). Turkey’s Engagement with Modernity: Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century (pp. 27-37). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
8. Bozdoğan, S. (2001). Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic. Washington: University of Washington Press.

9. Bozkurt, İ (2002). Kıbrıs'ın Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış ('A Short View of the History of Cyprus'). In İ. K. Ülger & E. Efegil (eds.). Avrupa Birliği Kıskacında Kıbrıs Meselesi: Bugünü ve Yarını ('The Cyprus Issue in the grip of the European Union: the present and the future'; pp. 9-15). Ankara: Ahşen Yayıncılık.
10. Ceylan, Y. (2004). The Conflict between State and Religion in Turkey. In Steunebrink, G. & Van Der Zweerde, E. (eds.). Civil Society, Religion, and the Nation Modernization in Intercultural Context: Russia, Japan, Turkey (pp. 175-190). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
11. Clark, B. (2006). Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey. London: Granta.
12. Dismorr, A. (2008). Turkey Decoded. Beirut: Saqi.
13. Duran, B. (2005). Islamist redefinition(s) of European and Islamic identities in Turkey. In Uğur, M. & Canefe, N. (eds.). Turkey and European Integration: Accession prospects and issues (pp. 125-146). New York: Routledge.
14. Erickson, E.J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913. Connecticut: Praeger.
15. Eriksen, T.H. (1993). Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. Connecticut: Pluto Press.
16. Freely, J. (2008). Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey. New York: I.B. Tauris.
17. Friedman, G. (2009). The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century. New York: Doubleday.
18. Geary, P.J. (2003). The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
19. Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. New York: Cornell University Press.
20. Halaçoğlu, A. (1995). Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli'den Türk Göçleri (1912-1913) ('Turkish Migrations from the former Ottoman province of South-Balkan during the Balkan Wars in 1912-1913'). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
21. Heart, M.Y.H.B. & DeBruyn, L.M. (1998). The American Indian Holocaust: healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian Alaska Native Mental Health Research: journal of the National Centre, Volume: 8, Issue: 2, pp. 56-78.
22. Hewitson, M. (2006). Conclusion: Nationalism and the Nineteenth Century. In T. Baycroft & M. Hewitson (eds.). What Is a Nation?: Europe 1789-1914 (pp. 312-355). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Iordachi, C. (2006). The Ottoman Empire: Syncretic Nationalism and Citizenship in the Balkans. In T. Baycroft & M. Hewitson (eds.). What Is a Nation?: Europe 1789- 1914 (pp. 120-151). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Lordachi, C. (2010). The Making of Citizenship in the post-Ottoman Balkans: State Building, Foreign Models, and Legal-Political Transfers. In Van Meurs, W. & Mungu-Pippidi, A. (eds.). Ottomans into Europeans: State and Institution-Building in South Eastern Europe (pp. 179-220). London: Hurst.
25. Jackson, P. (2005). The Mongols and the West. Edinburgh: Pearson Educated Limited.
26. Karaömerlioğlu, A. (2010). The Role of Religion and Geography in Turkish Nationalism: The Case of Nurettin Topçu. In Diamandouros, N., Dragonas, T. & Keyder, Ç. (eds.). Spatial Conceptions of the Nation: Modernizing Geographies in Greece and Turkey. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
27. Keyder, Ç. (2005). A history and geography of Turkish nationalism. In F. Birtek & T. Dragonas (eds.). Citizenship and the Nation-State in Greece and Turkey (pp. 93- 109). New York: Routledge.
28. Khanna, P. (2011). How To Run The World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance. New York: Random House.
29. Khanna, P. (2008). The Second World: Empires And Influence In The New Global Order. New York: Random House.
30. Kiel, M. (1993). De Geschiedenis van Turkije in de Seldjoekse, Beylik en Osmaanse periode ('The History of Turkey in the Seldjuk, Beylik and Ottoman period'). Utrecht: Unpublished paper when Kiel was professor at Utrecht University (pp. 1- 19).
31. Kurt, Y. (1995). Pontus Meselesi ('The Pontus Issue'). Ankara: T.B.M.M. Basımevi.
32. Mahbubani, K. (2008). The new Asian hemisphere: The irresitable shift of global power to the East. New York: Public Affairs.
33. McCarthy, J. (1995). Death and Exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821- 1922. Princeton: The Darwin Press.
34. McCormack, G.(2009). History Too Long Denied: Japan’s Unresolved Colonial Past and Today’s North Korea Problem. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume: 29-1-09 (July 20th, http://www.japanfocus.org/-Gavan-McCormack/3188 Retrieved on February 17th, 2012 from
35. Özdemir, B. (2009). Süryanilerin Dünü Bugünü: 1. Dünya Savaşı'nda Süryaniler ('The Assyrians in the past and present: the Assyrians during the First World War'). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
36. Shaw, S. J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; volume II: Reform, Revolution and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. London: Penguin Books.
38. Smith, A.D. (2003). Nationalism and Modernism. New York: Routledge.
39. Smith, A.D. (2009). Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach. New York: Routledge.
40. Stone, N. (2010). Turkey: A Short History. London: Thames & Hudson.
41. Su, K. & Bülkat, G. (1961). İlk ve Orta Okullar İçin Resimlerle Tarih Atlası ('History Atlas with Pictures for Elementary and Middle Schools'). Ankara: Birsen Yayınevi.
42. Turan, Ö. (1998). The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria (1878-1908). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
43. Türközü, H.K. (1985). Türkmen Ülkesi (=Doğu Anadolu) Adı ve Emperyalizmin Etkileri ('The Term Türkmen Country (= Eastern Anatolia) and the Influence of Imperialism'). Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.
44. Üngör, U.Ü. & Polatel, M. (2011). Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
45. Weber, E. (1976). Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870- 1914. California: Stanford University Press.
46. Yıldız, İ. (2006). (Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı) ÖSS Tarih: Temel Kavramlar ve Bilgiler ('Student Selection Exams History: Basic Terms and Knowledge'). İstanbul: bry Yayınları.
47. Zürcher, E.J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy And Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey. New York: I.B. Tauris.