Erken Modern Dönemde İngiltere'de Cadılık ve Macbeth'in Cadıları

Year 2022, Issue: 11, 239 - 258, 21.06.2022

Dilek Yiğit

Abstract

14. yüzyıla kadar Katolik Kilisesi cadılığı ve cadılara inancı illüzyon olarak nitelendirmiştir. Kilise’nin bu yaklaşımı 14. yüzyılda değişmiş, Kilise cadılığın gerçek olduğu ve cadıların faaliyetlerinin sonuç ürettiği yönündeki görüşü benimsemiştir. Katolik Kilisesi'nin cadılığa yaklaşımındaki bu değişim Avrupa'da cadı avının başlamasına neden olmuş, 16. yüzyılda Protestan reformasyon sürecinin başlamasıyla da cadı avı yaygınlaşmış ve şiddetlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla Avrupa’da 14. ve 17. yüzyıllar arasındaki tarihsel döneme cadı avı damgasını vurmuştur. İngiltere'deki cadı avı ise, ülkeye özgü koşullar nedeniyle, Kıta Avrupası’nda olduğu kadar yaygın ve şiddetli olmamıştır. Ancak Kraliçe I. Elizabeth ve Kral VI(I). James dönemlerinde İngiltere'de cadı avında artış yaşanmıştır. Shakespeare Macbeth adlı eserini Kıta Avrupası’nda ve İngiltere’de cadı avının arttığı koşullarda yazmıştır. Macbeth İskoç beyi Macbeth'in güç arzusu ile tahtı gasp etmesini ve tahtan indirilişini anlatmaktadır ama Macbeth’deki anahtar rol cadılara aittir. Bu makalenin amacı İngiltere’de cadı avının Avrupa’nın diğer bölgelerindeki kadar şiddetli olmamasının nedenlerinden birini teşkil eden cadılığa ve cadılara atfedilen anlamın Kıta Avrupası’ndan nasıl farklılaştığını analiz etmek ve bu analiz kapsamında Macbeth'deki cadıların cadılık olgusunu ne şekilde temsil ettiğini tartışmaktır; bu tartışma Macbeth’in cadılarının İngiltere'den mi yoksa Kıta Avrupası’ndan mı olduğu konusunda fikir yürütmemize yardımcı olacaktır.

Keywords

Shakespeare, Kral VI(I).James, Macbeth, Cadılık, Cadı avı

WITCHCRAFT IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND THE WITCHES IN MACBETH

Abstract

Until the 14th century, the Catholic Church considered witchcraft and belief in witches as an illusion. But the position of the Catholic Church evolved to the point where witchcraft was not an illusion and witches had actual powers. The Catholic Church’s new attitude to witchcraft resulted in the witch hunt in Europe. The witch hunt gained momentum during the Protestant reformation process which began in 16th century. Therefore, the witch hunt left its mark on the historical period between the 14th and 17th centuries. The witch hunt in England did not resemble the continental pattern and had never been so ubiquitous or severe as a result of conditions specific to England. But during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI and I the witch hunt increased in England. Shakespeare wrote Macbeth when the witch hunt increased in England and Continental Europe. Macbeth is a story about the desire of power of Macbeth but a key to the play is witches. The aim of the article is to analyse the way in which the phenomenon of witchcraft differed in England and in Continental Europe and discuss how the witches in Macbeth represent the phenomenon of witchcraft so as to answer the question whether the witches in Macbeth were from England or Continental Europe.

Keywords

Shakespeare, King James VI and I, Macbeth, witchcraft, witch hunt

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