Oxidative Stress in Asthma
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 62 - 70, 29.06.2023
Hüseyin Erdal
,
Fatma Gunaydin
,
Selen Karaoğlanoğlu
Öz
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by variable expiratory airflow limitation that affects people of all ages, especially children and teenagers. The incidence of asthma varies between 1% and 20% globally, and and asthma is among the leading causes of chronic respiratory diseases that cause morbidity and mortality. It is known that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of asthma. OS causes serious damage to macromolecules such as lipid, protein and DNA, and this leads to harmful results in respiratory tract diseases. Increased OS in asthma triggers lipid peroxidation and increases tissue damage and causes inflammatory response. Recently, studies investigating the effect of oxidative stress on asthma continue to increase. Therefore, it is clinically very important to determine the exact role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this review, it is aimed to examine the effect of oxidative stress on asthma and to evaluate the recent studies and findings.
Kaynakça
- Altın, S., Günaydın, F. E., Pamir, P., Kalkan, N., Veske, N. Ş., & Günlüoğlu, G. (2019). Does Asthma Lose its Importance in Respiratory System Deaths?. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 20, 26. doi: 10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2019.26
- Ammar, M., Bahloul, N., Amri, O., Omri, R., Ghozzi, H., Kammoun, S., . .Ben Mahmoud, L. (2022). Oxidative stress in patients with asthma and its relation to uncontrolled asthma. J Clin Lab Anal, 36(5), e24345. doi:10.1002/jcla.24345
- Cakirca, G., Çelik, M., Erdal, H., Neşelioğlu, S., Erel, Ö., Basarali, M., & Cakirca, T. (2018). Investigation of thiol/disulfide homeostasis in familial mediterranean fever patients. Journal Of Clinical And Analytical Medicine, 9(3),231-234. doi: 10.4328/JCAM.5789
- Cakmak, A., Zeyrek, D., Atas, A., Selek, S., & Erel, O. (2009). Oxidative status and paraoxonase activity in children with asthma. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 327-334.
- Demirtas, M. S., & Erdal, H. (2023). Evaluation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis and oxidative stress parameters in newborns receiving phototherapy. J Investig Med, 71(3), 183-190. doi:10.1177/10815589221140594
- Demirtas, M. S., & Erdal, H. (2023). Evaluation of thiol disulfide balance in adolescents with vitamin B12 deficiency. Ital J Pediatr, 49(1), 3. doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01396-2
- Demirtas, M. S., Erdal, H., Kilicbay, F., & Tunc, G. (2023). Association between thiol-disulfide hemostasis and transient tachypnea of the newborn in late-preterm and term infants. BMC Pediatr, 23(1), 135. doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03936-z
- Demirtas, M. S., Kilicbay, F., Erdal, H., & Tunc, G. (2023). Oxidative Stress Levels and Dynamic Thiol-Disulfide Balance in Preterm Newborns with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Lab Med. doi:10.1093/labmed/lmad010
- Deveci, M. Z. Y., & Erdal, H. (2022). Determination of dynamic thiol-disulfide levels in dairy cattle with foot disease. Veterinarski arhiv, 92(6), 657-666. doi: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.1785
Dilek, F., Ozkaya, E., Kocyigit, A., Yazici, M., Guler, E. M., & Dundaroz, M. R. (2016). Plasma total thiol pool in children with asthma: Modulation during montelukast monotherapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 29(1), 84-89. doi:10.1177/0394632015621563
- Ercan, H., Birben, E., Dizdar, E. A., Keskin, O., Karaaslan, C., Soyer, O. U., Kalayci, O. (2006). Oxidative stress and genetic and epidemiologic determinants of oxidant injury in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118(5), 1097-1104. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.012
- Ediger, D., & Günaydin, FE. (2020). Astım ve Alerjen İmmünoterapisi. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi, 8(2), 55-61. doi: 10.5152/gghs.2020.017
- Ediger, D., & Esra, F. (2023). Can omalizumab be an alternative treatment for non-atopic severe asthma? A real-life experience with omalizumab. Tuberk Toraks, 71(1), 24-33.doi: 10.5578/tt.20239904
- Erdal, H., Ciftciler, R., Tuncer, S. C., & Ozcan, O. (2023). Evaluation of dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Investig Med, 71(1), 62-66. doi:10.1136/jim-2022-002568
- Erdal, H., Demirtas, M. S., Kilicbay, F., & Tunc, G. (2023). Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Levels and Dynamic Thiol-disulfide Balance in Patients with Retinopathy of Prematurity. Curr Eye Res, 1-8. doi:10.1080/02713683.2023.2185569
- Erdal, H., Ozcan, O., Turgut, F., Neselioğlu, Salim., Erel, Ö (2022). Evaluation of Dynamic Thiol-Disulfide Balance and Ischemia Modified Albumin Levels in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. The Medical Journal of Mustafa Kemal University, 13(47),237-242. doi: 10.17944/mkutfd.947113.
- Erdal, H., & Eröz, R (2022). The known about familial mediterranean fever: literature review. Aksaray University Journal of Sport and Health Researches. 3(2), 145-155. doi:10.54152/ asujshr.1183793.
- Erdal, H., Yasar, E., & Tuncer, S. C (2023). Determination of calprotectin levels in patients with cataract surgery. Ann Clin Anal Med, 2023;14(2):148-151. doi: 10.4328/ACAM.21474.
- Günaydın, F. E., Ay, P., Karakaya, G., & Ediger, D (2022). How do we manage asthma? Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice patterns among pulmonologists and allergists. Journal of Asthma, 1-9. doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2022.2033261
- Genc, S. O., & Erdal, H. (2023). Are pan-immune-inflammation value, systemic inflammatory response index and other hematologic inflammatory indexes clinically useful to predict first-trimester pregnancy loss? Ann Clin Anal Med, 14(5),473-477. doi.org/ 10.4328/ACAM.21626
- Karadogan, B., Beyaz, S., Gelincik, A., Buyukozturk, S., & Arda, N. (2022). Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant parameters in allergic asthma patients with different level of asthma control. J Asthma, 59(4), 663-672. doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1870129
- Liu, K., Hua, S., & Song, L. (2022). PM2.5 Exposure and Asthma Development: The Key Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022, 3618806. doi:10.1155/2022/3618806
- Lutter, R., van Lieshout, B., & Folisi, C. (2015). Reduced Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Capacity in Allergy and Asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 12 Suppl 2, 133-136. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201503-176AW
- Michaeloudes, C., Abubakar-Waziri, H., Lakhdar, R., Raby, K., Dixey, P., Adcock, I. M., . . . Chung, K. F. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma. Mol Aspects Med, 85, 101026. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.101026
- Mishra, V., Banga, J., & Silveyra, P. (2018). Oxidative stress and cellular pathways of asthma and inflammation: Therapeutic strategies and pharmacological targets. Pharmacol Ther, 181, 169-182. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.011
- Nadeem, A., Chhabra, S. K., Masood, A., & Raj, H. G. (2003). Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111(1), 72-78. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.17
- Nar, R., & Çalış, A. G. (2018). Assessment of dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with asthma. Journal of laboratory medicine, 42(3), 99-104. doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2017-0144
- Ozcan, O., Erdal, H., Ilhan, G., Demir, D., Gurpinar, A. B., Neselioglu, S., & Erel, O. (2018). Plasma Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels and Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Balance in Sickle Cell Disease: A Case-Control Study. Turk J Haematol, 35(4), 265-270. doi:10.4274/tjh.2018.0119
- Ozcan, O., Erdal, H., & Yonden, Z (2015). İskemi-reperfüzyon hasari ve oksidatif stres ilişkisine biyokimyasal bakiş. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 6(23), 27-33. doi: 10.17944/mkutfd.54113
- Özcan O, E. H., Çakırca G, Yönden Z (2015). Oxidative stress and its impacts on intracellular lipids, proteins and DNA. J Clin Exp Invest, 6(3), 331-336. doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.03.0545
- Pekince Md, B., & Baccioglu Md, A (2022). Allergic and non-allergic asthma phenotypes and exposure to air pollution. J Asthma, 59(8), 1509-1520. doi:10.1080/02770903.2021.1955133.
- Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1):11-26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0.
- Porsbjerg C, Melén E, Lehtimäki L, Shaw D (2023). Asthma. Lancet, 11;401(10379):858-873. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02125-0.
- Qu, J., Li, Y., Zhong, W., Gao, P., & Hu, C. (2017). Recent developments in the role of reactive oxygen species in allergic asthma. J Thorac Dis, 9(1), E32-E43. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.01.05
- Rahman, I., Morrison, D., Donaldson, K., & MacNee, W. (1996). Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154(4 Pt 1), 1055-1060. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887607
- Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F, Scichilone N (2014). Oxidative stress and respiratory system: pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 11(6):705-17. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2014.898040.
- Sen, S., Chakraborty, R., Sridhar, C., Reddy, Y. S. R., & De, B. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 3(1), 91-100.
- Sordillo, J. E., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Switkowski, K., Coull, B., Gibson, H., Rice, M., . . . Oken, E. (2019). Prenatal oxidative balance and risk of asthma and allergic disease in adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 144(6), 1534-1541 e1535. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.044
- Turner PJ, Arasi S, Ballmer-Weber B, Baseggio Conrado A, Deschildre A, Gerdts J, Halken S, Muraro A, Patel N, Van Ree R, de Silva D, Worm M, Zuberbier T, Roberts G. (2022). Global Allergy, Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) Food Allergy Guideline Group. Risk factors for severe reactions in food allergy: Rapid evidence review with meta-analysis. Allergy, 77(9):2634-2652. doi: 10.1111/all.15318.
- Zahran, H. S., Bailey, C. M., Damon, S. A., Garbe, P. L., & Breysse, P. N. (2018). Vital Signs: Asthma in Children - United States, 2001-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67(5), 149-155. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6705e1
- Zaric BL, Macvanin MT, Isenovic ER (2023). Free radicals: Relationship to Human Diseases and Potential Therapeutic applications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 154:106346. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106346.
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 62 - 70, 29.06.2023
Hüseyin Erdal
,
Fatma Gunaydin
,
Selen Karaoğlanoğlu
Öz
Astım, her yaştan insanı, özellikle çocukları ve gençleri etkileyen, değişken ekspiratuvar hava akımı kısıtlanması ile karakterize kronik hava yolu hastalığıdır..Astımın insidansı küresel olarak 1% ile 20 % arasında değişmektedir ve astım morbidite ve mortaliteye neden olan kronik solunum hastalıkları arasında önde gelen nedenler arasında yer almaktadır. Astım gelişiminde genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. OS lipit, protein ve DNA gibi makromoleküllerde ciddi hasarlara neden olmakta ve bu da solunum yolu hastalıklarında zararlı sonuçlara yol açmaktadır. Astımda artmış OS, lipid peroksidasyonunu tetikler ve doku hasarını arttırır ve inflamatuar yanıta neden olur. Son zamanlarda oksidatif stresin astım üzerindeki etkisini araştıran çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle, astım patogenezinde oksidatif stresin kesin rolünün belirlenmesi klinik olarak çok önemlidir. Bu derlemede oksidatif stresin astım üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve son yıllarda yapılan çalışmaların ve bulguların değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Altın, S., Günaydın, F. E., Pamir, P., Kalkan, N., Veske, N. Ş., & Günlüoğlu, G. (2019). Does Asthma Lose its Importance in Respiratory System Deaths?. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 20, 26. doi: 10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2019.26
- Ammar, M., Bahloul, N., Amri, O., Omri, R., Ghozzi, H., Kammoun, S., . .Ben Mahmoud, L. (2022). Oxidative stress in patients with asthma and its relation to uncontrolled asthma. J Clin Lab Anal, 36(5), e24345. doi:10.1002/jcla.24345
- Cakirca, G., Çelik, M., Erdal, H., Neşelioğlu, S., Erel, Ö., Basarali, M., & Cakirca, T. (2018). Investigation of thiol/disulfide homeostasis in familial mediterranean fever patients. Journal Of Clinical And Analytical Medicine, 9(3),231-234. doi: 10.4328/JCAM.5789
- Cakmak, A., Zeyrek, D., Atas, A., Selek, S., & Erel, O. (2009). Oxidative status and paraoxonase activity in children with asthma. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 327-334.
- Demirtas, M. S., & Erdal, H. (2023). Evaluation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis and oxidative stress parameters in newborns receiving phototherapy. J Investig Med, 71(3), 183-190. doi:10.1177/10815589221140594
- Demirtas, M. S., & Erdal, H. (2023). Evaluation of thiol disulfide balance in adolescents with vitamin B12 deficiency. Ital J Pediatr, 49(1), 3. doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01396-2
- Demirtas, M. S., Erdal, H., Kilicbay, F., & Tunc, G. (2023). Association between thiol-disulfide hemostasis and transient tachypnea of the newborn in late-preterm and term infants. BMC Pediatr, 23(1), 135. doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03936-z
- Demirtas, M. S., Kilicbay, F., Erdal, H., & Tunc, G. (2023). Oxidative Stress Levels and Dynamic Thiol-Disulfide Balance in Preterm Newborns with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Lab Med. doi:10.1093/labmed/lmad010
- Deveci, M. Z. Y., & Erdal, H. (2022). Determination of dynamic thiol-disulfide levels in dairy cattle with foot disease. Veterinarski arhiv, 92(6), 657-666. doi: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.1785
Dilek, F., Ozkaya, E., Kocyigit, A., Yazici, M., Guler, E. M., & Dundaroz, M. R. (2016). Plasma total thiol pool in children with asthma: Modulation during montelukast monotherapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 29(1), 84-89. doi:10.1177/0394632015621563
- Ercan, H., Birben, E., Dizdar, E. A., Keskin, O., Karaaslan, C., Soyer, O. U., Kalayci, O. (2006). Oxidative stress and genetic and epidemiologic determinants of oxidant injury in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118(5), 1097-1104. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.012
- Ediger, D., & Günaydin, FE. (2020). Astım ve Alerjen İmmünoterapisi. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi, 8(2), 55-61. doi: 10.5152/gghs.2020.017
- Ediger, D., & Esra, F. (2023). Can omalizumab be an alternative treatment for non-atopic severe asthma? A real-life experience with omalizumab. Tuberk Toraks, 71(1), 24-33.doi: 10.5578/tt.20239904
- Erdal, H., Ciftciler, R., Tuncer, S. C., & Ozcan, O. (2023). Evaluation of dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Investig Med, 71(1), 62-66. doi:10.1136/jim-2022-002568
- Erdal, H., Demirtas, M. S., Kilicbay, F., & Tunc, G. (2023). Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Levels and Dynamic Thiol-disulfide Balance in Patients with Retinopathy of Prematurity. Curr Eye Res, 1-8. doi:10.1080/02713683.2023.2185569
- Erdal, H., Ozcan, O., Turgut, F., Neselioğlu, Salim., Erel, Ö (2022). Evaluation of Dynamic Thiol-Disulfide Balance and Ischemia Modified Albumin Levels in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. The Medical Journal of Mustafa Kemal University, 13(47),237-242. doi: 10.17944/mkutfd.947113.
- Erdal, H., & Eröz, R (2022). The known about familial mediterranean fever: literature review. Aksaray University Journal of Sport and Health Researches. 3(2), 145-155. doi:10.54152/ asujshr.1183793.
- Erdal, H., Yasar, E., & Tuncer, S. C (2023). Determination of calprotectin levels in patients with cataract surgery. Ann Clin Anal Med, 2023;14(2):148-151. doi: 10.4328/ACAM.21474.
- Günaydın, F. E., Ay, P., Karakaya, G., & Ediger, D (2022). How do we manage asthma? Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice patterns among pulmonologists and allergists. Journal of Asthma, 1-9. doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2022.2033261
- Genc, S. O., & Erdal, H. (2023). Are pan-immune-inflammation value, systemic inflammatory response index and other hematologic inflammatory indexes clinically useful to predict first-trimester pregnancy loss? Ann Clin Anal Med, 14(5),473-477. doi.org/ 10.4328/ACAM.21626
- Karadogan, B., Beyaz, S., Gelincik, A., Buyukozturk, S., & Arda, N. (2022). Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant parameters in allergic asthma patients with different level of asthma control. J Asthma, 59(4), 663-672. doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1870129
- Liu, K., Hua, S., & Song, L. (2022). PM2.5 Exposure and Asthma Development: The Key Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022, 3618806. doi:10.1155/2022/3618806
- Lutter, R., van Lieshout, B., & Folisi, C. (2015). Reduced Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Capacity in Allergy and Asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 12 Suppl 2, 133-136. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201503-176AW
- Michaeloudes, C., Abubakar-Waziri, H., Lakhdar, R., Raby, K., Dixey, P., Adcock, I. M., . . . Chung, K. F. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma. Mol Aspects Med, 85, 101026. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.101026
- Mishra, V., Banga, J., & Silveyra, P. (2018). Oxidative stress and cellular pathways of asthma and inflammation: Therapeutic strategies and pharmacological targets. Pharmacol Ther, 181, 169-182. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.011
- Nadeem, A., Chhabra, S. K., Masood, A., & Raj, H. G. (2003). Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111(1), 72-78. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.17
- Nar, R., & Çalış, A. G. (2018). Assessment of dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with asthma. Journal of laboratory medicine, 42(3), 99-104. doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2017-0144
- Ozcan, O., Erdal, H., Ilhan, G., Demir, D., Gurpinar, A. B., Neselioglu, S., & Erel, O. (2018). Plasma Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels and Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Balance in Sickle Cell Disease: A Case-Control Study. Turk J Haematol, 35(4), 265-270. doi:10.4274/tjh.2018.0119
- Ozcan, O., Erdal, H., & Yonden, Z (2015). İskemi-reperfüzyon hasari ve oksidatif stres ilişkisine biyokimyasal bakiş. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 6(23), 27-33. doi: 10.17944/mkutfd.54113
- Özcan O, E. H., Çakırca G, Yönden Z (2015). Oxidative stress and its impacts on intracellular lipids, proteins and DNA. J Clin Exp Invest, 6(3), 331-336. doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.03.0545
- Pekince Md, B., & Baccioglu Md, A (2022). Allergic and non-allergic asthma phenotypes and exposure to air pollution. J Asthma, 59(8), 1509-1520. doi:10.1080/02770903.2021.1955133.
- Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1):11-26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0.
- Porsbjerg C, Melén E, Lehtimäki L, Shaw D (2023). Asthma. Lancet, 11;401(10379):858-873. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02125-0.
- Qu, J., Li, Y., Zhong, W., Gao, P., & Hu, C. (2017). Recent developments in the role of reactive oxygen species in allergic asthma. J Thorac Dis, 9(1), E32-E43. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.01.05
- Rahman, I., Morrison, D., Donaldson, K., & MacNee, W. (1996). Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154(4 Pt 1), 1055-1060. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887607
- Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F, Scichilone N (2014). Oxidative stress and respiratory system: pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 11(6):705-17. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2014.898040.
- Sen, S., Chakraborty, R., Sridhar, C., Reddy, Y. S. R., & De, B. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 3(1), 91-100.
- Sordillo, J. E., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Switkowski, K., Coull, B., Gibson, H., Rice, M., . . . Oken, E. (2019). Prenatal oxidative balance and risk of asthma and allergic disease in adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 144(6), 1534-1541 e1535. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.044
- Turner PJ, Arasi S, Ballmer-Weber B, Baseggio Conrado A, Deschildre A, Gerdts J, Halken S, Muraro A, Patel N, Van Ree R, de Silva D, Worm M, Zuberbier T, Roberts G. (2022). Global Allergy, Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) Food Allergy Guideline Group. Risk factors for severe reactions in food allergy: Rapid evidence review with meta-analysis. Allergy, 77(9):2634-2652. doi: 10.1111/all.15318.
- Zahran, H. S., Bailey, C. M., Damon, S. A., Garbe, P. L., & Breysse, P. N. (2018). Vital Signs: Asthma in Children - United States, 2001-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67(5), 149-155. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6705e1
- Zaric BL, Macvanin MT, Isenovic ER (2023). Free radicals: Relationship to Human Diseases and Potential Therapeutic applications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 154:106346. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106346.