The Right to Resist Oppression in David George Ritchie: A Study on The Legal and Moral Distinction
Abstract
This study examines in detail and in a comprehensive manner the concept of the ‘right to resist oppression’ developed by one of the important representatives of late 19th-century British political philosophy, David George Ritchie (1853-1903), in his work Natural Rights. Ritchie particularly treats the ‘right to resist oppression’ found in the French Revolution Declarations and the American Declaration of Independence as a striking and significant example that reveals the theoretical inconsistencies within the doctrine of natural rights. In this context, he evaluates and discusses not only the theoretical dimension of this right but also its political, legal, and practical consequences in a multifaceted manner. According to him, resistance cannot be defined as a constitutional or legal right; since the use of force against law directly conflicts with the fundamental principles of the concept of sovereignty and renders the modern constitutional state logically impossible. This situation carries a nature that may generate serious and structural problems in terms of the continuity, stability, and legitimacy of the political order. While Ritchie regards the existence of constitutional avenues for change as both legitimate and necessary, he clearly, firmly, and decisively rejects a constitutional right of resistance that guarantees the overthrow of government by force. Nevertheless, he does not completely rule out that resistance may, under certain exceptional conditions, be morally justified or even regarded as necessary. However, this acceptance does not turn resistance into a legal right. According to Ritchie, the most fundamental flaw of natural rights theory is that it blurs the distinction between moral duty and legal right and confuses these two domains. As a result, Ritchie positions resistance to oppression not as a constitutional right, but as a political act that may only in exceptional circumstances be subject to moral evaluation, characterized in a careful, limited, contextual, and measured way, and through this approach he offers an important critique of classical natural rights theory.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Performance Art
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Kutsi Kahveci
*
0000-0001-6752-6566
Türkiye
Early Pub Date
August 7, 2026
Publication Date
-
Submission Date
May 4, 2026
Acceptance Date
August 5, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication