Elma Kabuğundan Elde Edilen Aktif Karbon ile Sulu Ortamdan 2,4,6-Trinitrotolueni Uzaklaştırma Kinetiği

Abstract

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluen (TNT), dünya çapında en yaygın kullanılan yüksek güçlü patlayıcılardan biridir. Üretimi sırasında ve kullanımından sonra önemli su ve toprak kirliliğine neden olur. Bu çalışmada, 1429 m2/g BET yüzey alanına sahip elma kabuğundan elde edilen aktif karbon (APAC) kullanılarak sulu ortamdan TNT'nin giderim kinetiği incelenmiştir. TNT konsantrasyonları, Meisenheimer kompleksi oluşturarak bir UV-VIS spektrofotometresi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Giderim kinetiğini analiz etmek için psödo-birinci mertebeden (PFO), psödo-ikinci mertebeden (PSO) ve parçacık içi difüzyon (IPD) modelleri kullanılmıştır. Bunlar arasında PSO kinetik modeli, yüksek korelasyon katsayısı (R2) ve düşük sapma (%) değerleriyle adsorpsiyon sürecini daha doğru bir şekilde açıklamıştır. TNT giderim verimliliği 60 dakika sonra %99,7'ye ulaşmış ve APAC'nin TNT'yi sulu ortamdan gidermede oldukça etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Patlayıcı
• kirlilik
• atık su
• adsorpsiyon
• Meisenheimer kompleksi

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın etik kurul onayı gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederim.

Removal Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene from Aqueous Medium by Activated Carbon Obtained from Apple Peel

Abstract

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most commonly used high-powered explosives globally. It causes significant water and soil pollution during production and after use. In this study, the removal kinetics of TNT from aqueous media using activated carbon derived from apple peel (APAC) with a BET surface area of 1429 m2/g was examined. TNT concentrations were measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer by forming a Meisenheimer complex. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) models were employed to analyse the removal kinetics. Among these, the PSO kinetic model more accurately described the adsorption process, with a high correlation coefficient (R2) and low deviation (%) values. TNT removal efficiency reached 99.7% after 60 minutes, demonstrating that APAC is highly effective in removing TNT from aqueous media.

Keywords

• Explosive
• pollution
• wastewater
• adsorption
• Meisenheimer complex

Ethical Statement

I declare that this study is among those that do not require ethics committee approval.

References

1. 1. Cohen R, Zeiri Y, Wurzberg E, Kosloff R. Mechanism of thermal unimolecular decomposition of TNT (2,4,6- trinitrotoluene): A DFT study. J Phys Chem A. 2007;111(43):11074-11083.
2. 2. Li JS, Chen JJ, Hwang CC, Lu KT, Yeh TF. Study on Thermal Characteristics of TNT Based Melt-Cast Explosives. Propellants, Explos Pyrotech. 2019;44(10):1270-1281.
3. 3. Koyuncu H. Patlayıcılar ile ateşli̇ si̇lahların kullanımından kaynaklanan kurşun ve bakır ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇nin gi̇deri̇lmesi̇. Güvenlik Bilim Derg. 2024;13(2):437-454.
4. 4. Tisdale JT, Freye CE, Cleveland AH, Scott BL, Hill LG, Duque AL. Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of TNT after Spray Drying. Cryst Growth Des. 2023;23(9):6902-6908.
5. 5. Kyprianou D, Berglund M, Emma G, et al. Synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using flow chemistry. Molecules. 2020;25(16).
6. 6. Liu N, Qin J, Ge X, et al. Preparation and study of straw porous biochar with aromatic ring structure for adsorption performance and mechanism toward TNT red water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(56):118483-118494.
7. 7. Bhanot P, Celin SM, Sreekrishnan TR, Kalsi A, Sahai SK, Sharma P. Application of integrated treatment strategies for explosive industry wastewater—A critical review. J Water Process Eng. 2020;35:101232.
8. 8. Mariussen E, Stornes SM, Bøifot KO, Rosseland BO, Salbu B, Heier LS. Uptake and effects of 2, 4, 6 - trinitrotoluene (TNT) in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquat Toxicol. 2018;194:176-184.

9. 9. Deng H, Zhang B, Xu Y, et al. A simple approach to prepare isoxazoline-based porous polymer for the highly effective adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT): Catalyst-free click polymerization between an in situ generated nitrile oxide with polybutadiene. Chem Eng J. 2020;393:124674.
10. 10. Zhang M, Liu G hua, Song K, et al. Biological treatment of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water by immobilized anaerobic-aerobic microbial filters. Chem Eng J. 2015;259:876-884.
11. 11. Cotchim S, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Limbut W. A new strategy for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene adsorption and electrochemical reduction on poly(melamine)/graphene oxide modified electrode. Electrochim Acta. 2015;184:102-110.
12. 12. Thijs S, Sillen W, Truyens S, et al. The sycamore maple bacterial culture collection from a TNT polluted site shows novel plant-growth promoting and explosives degrading bacteria. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1-16.
13. 13. Kul AR, Koyuncu H, Turan A, Aldemir A. Comparative Research of Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies for Neutral Red Adsorption by Activated Carbon Prepared from Apple Peel. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2023;234(6):1-26.
14. 14. Üzer A, Erçaǧ E, Apak R. Selective colorimetric determination of TNT partitioned between an alkaline solution and a strongly basic Dowex 1-X8 anion exchanger. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;174(2-3):239-243.
15. 15. Mdlovu NV, Lin KS, Hsien MJ, Chang CJ, Kunene SC. Synthesis, characterization, and application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for TNT, RDX, and HMX explosives decontamination in wastewater. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2020;114:186-198.
16. 16. Nanoparticles C oxide, Altalhi AA, Morsy SM, Shaban SA, Ahmed SM. Adsorption of T . N . T . from Wastewater Using Ni-Oxide and. 2021;11(1):43-53.
17. 17. Xu Y, Zhu H, Mo S, et al. Adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by indole-based porous organic polymer with suitable three-dimensional space size via physisorption and chemisorption. Polymer (Guildf). 2024;300:126993.
18. 18. Kokuloku LT, Miensah ED, Gu A, et al. Efficient and comparative adsorption of trinitrotoluene on MOF MIL-100(Fe)-derived porous carbon/Fe composite adsorbents with rod-like morphology: Behavior, mechanism, and new perspectives. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2023;663:131064.
19. 19. Zhang M, Zhao Q, Ye Z. Organic pollutants removal from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water using low cost activated coke. J Environ Sci. 2011;23(12):1962-1969.
20. 20. Fu D, Zhang Y, Lv F, Chu PK, Shang J. Removal of organic materials from TNT red water by Bamboo Charcoal adsorption. Chem Eng J. 2012;193-194:39-49.