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ONBEŞİNCİ YÜZYILDA İYİ ÖLME SANATI: ARS MORIENDI

Year 2018, Issue: 40, 117 - 133, 28.04.2018

Abstract

İlk olarak
onbeşinci yüzyıl ortalarında ortaya çıkmış ve Hristiyan yazınında popüler bir
tür haline gelmiş olan Ars Moriendi, bir Hristiyanın cennete gidebilmek için
nasıl ölmesi gerektiğini açıklayan kılavuz kitaplarıdır. Şüphesiz Avrupa’yı
kasıp kavuran ve milyonlarca insanın ölümüne yol açan ölümcül veba salgınının hüküm
sürdüğü bir çağda bir nevi gereklilikten dolayı yazılmış olan Ars Moriendi,
Ortaçağ yazınının en popüler kitapları olmuş ve pek çok Avrupa diline tercüme
edilmiştir. İlk Ars Moriendi metinleri 1415 yılında altı bölümden oluşan uzun
Latince el yazmaları olarak yazılmıştır. 1450’lilere gelindiğinde ise baskı
tekniklerinin Avrupa’da kitap basımında kullanılmaya başlamasıyla birlikte,
kısa ve resimli versiyonları basılmıştır. Kısa Ars Moriendilerdeki metin ve
resimler ağırlıklı olarak tek bir ağaç kalıba oyularak basılmıştır. Bu yönüyle
Ars Moriendi, içindeki ağaç baskılarla Avrupa’da baskıresim geleneğinin ilk
örnekleri arasında yer almaktadır.



Bu makale,
kalıp baskı kitapların Avrupa’daki tarihinden kısaca bahsettikten sonra, Ars
Moriendi yazınının onbeşinci yüzyılda Avrupa’da nasıl ve hangi şartlar altında
ortaya çıkmış olduğuna ilişkin genel bir perspektif sunmayı ve ardından Ars
Moriendi’nin uzun ve kısa versiyonlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Alchon, S. A. (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Aldis, H. G. (1941). The printed book (2. bs.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boccaccio, G. (1996). Dekameron, 1.cilt. Rekin Teksoy (Çev.). İstanbul: Oğlak Yayıncılık.
  • Campbell, A. M. (1966). The black death and men of learning. New York: AMS Press.
  • Campbell, J. (1995). The Ars Moriendi: an examination, translation and collation of the manuscripts of the shorter latin version. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). University of Ottawa, Ottowa.
  • Cohen, M. (1977). The novel in woodcuts: a handbook. Journal of Modern Literature, 6 (2), 171-195.
  • Cust, L. (1898). The master e. s. and the Ars Moriendi. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Dekkers, W. (1996). Neye ‘ölüm’ deriz?: batı kültüründe yaşamın sonu hakkında bazı düşünceler. 3P Dergisi, 4 (3), 9-16.
  • Dugdale, L. S. (2010). The art of dying well. Hastings Center Report, 40 (6), 22-24.
  • Dugdale, L. S. (2015). Dying, a lost art. L. S. Dugdale (Ed.), Dying in the Twenty-First Century: Toward a new ethical framework for the art of dying well (s.3-18) içinde. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Eire, C. M. N. (1983). Ars Moriendi. G. S. Wakefield (Ed.), The westminster dictionary of christian spirituality (s.21-22) içinde. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.
  • Febvre L. ve Martin H. J. (1997). The coming of the book: the ımpact of printing 1450-1800. David Gerard (Çev.). Londra: Verso Classics.
  • Gottfried, R. S. (1983). The black death: natural and human disaster in Medieval Europe. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hind, A. M. (1963). An introduction to a history of woodcut. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Huizinga, J. (1996). The autumn of the Middle Ages. Rodney J.Payton ve Ulrich Mammitzsch (Çev.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • O’Connor, M. C. (1966). The arts of dying well: the development of the Ars Moriendi. New York: AMS Press.
  • Tuchman, B. W. (1978). A distant morror. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Verhey, A. (2011). The Christian art of dying: learning from Jesus. Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Görseller Dizini
  • Resim 1. Biblia Pauperum (Fakirlere İncil), 6. sayfa, Hollanda veya Almanya, 1470 dolayları. https://www.loc.gov/item/49038879/
  • Resim 2. Apocalypse (Kıyamet), 42. kalıp, Hollanda, 1430 veya 1440’ler. http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2005.html
  • Resim 3. “İman”, Master E.S., gravür, 1440 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 4. Ars Moriendi’deki “İman”, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 5. Giriş sayfaları, Ars Moriendi, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 6a. “Ümitsizlik”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 6b. “Ümit”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 7a. “Kibir”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 7b. “Alçakgönüllülük”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 8. Ars Moriendi’deki onbirinci ve son ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF

Art of Dying Well in the Fifteenth Century: Ars Moriendi

Year 2018, Issue: 40, 117 - 133, 28.04.2018

Abstract

Ars
Moriendi, a popular genre in the early Christian literature first appeared in
the midst of the fifteenth century, is a self-help manual explaining how a
Christian should die in order to gain the salvation. Its appearance was
undoubtedly unavoidable, especially given the circumstances of the era when the
deadly plague terrorised Europe, killing millions of people. As a popular book
of the medieval literature, Ars Moriendi was widely read and soon translated
into many major European languages. The original Ars Moriendi, known as “the
longer version”, was written in Latin in 1415 as a manuscript consisting of six
chapters. By the 1450s, its shorter version containing eleven woodcuts along
with text was published mostly in block-book format as a result of the advances
in printing methods in book-publishing in Europe. The shorter version was
mostly printed from wood blocks on which both images and text were carved
simultaneously. With this aspect, the woodcuts in shorter edition of Ars
Moriendi are regarded as one of the first examples of printmaking tradition in
Europe.



After
briefly discussing the history of wood-block printing and block-books in
Europe, the article aims to give a general perspective on how the historical
context of the fifteenth century motivated the appearance of Ars Moriendi
literature and how the books instructed the art of dying well as well as review
both the longer and shorter versions of Ars Moriendi. 

References

  • Alchon, S. A. (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Aldis, H. G. (1941). The printed book (2. bs.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boccaccio, G. (1996). Dekameron, 1.cilt. Rekin Teksoy (Çev.). İstanbul: Oğlak Yayıncılık.
  • Campbell, A. M. (1966). The black death and men of learning. New York: AMS Press.
  • Campbell, J. (1995). The Ars Moriendi: an examination, translation and collation of the manuscripts of the shorter latin version. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). University of Ottawa, Ottowa.
  • Cohen, M. (1977). The novel in woodcuts: a handbook. Journal of Modern Literature, 6 (2), 171-195.
  • Cust, L. (1898). The master e. s. and the Ars Moriendi. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Dekkers, W. (1996). Neye ‘ölüm’ deriz?: batı kültüründe yaşamın sonu hakkında bazı düşünceler. 3P Dergisi, 4 (3), 9-16.
  • Dugdale, L. S. (2010). The art of dying well. Hastings Center Report, 40 (6), 22-24.
  • Dugdale, L. S. (2015). Dying, a lost art. L. S. Dugdale (Ed.), Dying in the Twenty-First Century: Toward a new ethical framework for the art of dying well (s.3-18) içinde. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Eire, C. M. N. (1983). Ars Moriendi. G. S. Wakefield (Ed.), The westminster dictionary of christian spirituality (s.21-22) içinde. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.
  • Febvre L. ve Martin H. J. (1997). The coming of the book: the ımpact of printing 1450-1800. David Gerard (Çev.). Londra: Verso Classics.
  • Gottfried, R. S. (1983). The black death: natural and human disaster in Medieval Europe. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hind, A. M. (1963). An introduction to a history of woodcut. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Huizinga, J. (1996). The autumn of the Middle Ages. Rodney J.Payton ve Ulrich Mammitzsch (Çev.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • O’Connor, M. C. (1966). The arts of dying well: the development of the Ars Moriendi. New York: AMS Press.
  • Tuchman, B. W. (1978). A distant morror. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Verhey, A. (2011). The Christian art of dying: learning from Jesus. Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Görseller Dizini
  • Resim 1. Biblia Pauperum (Fakirlere İncil), 6. sayfa, Hollanda veya Almanya, 1470 dolayları. https://www.loc.gov/item/49038879/
  • Resim 2. Apocalypse (Kıyamet), 42. kalıp, Hollanda, 1430 veya 1440’ler. http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2005.html
  • Resim 3. “İman”, Master E.S., gravür, 1440 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 4. Ars Moriendi’deki “İman”, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 5. Giriş sayfaları, Ars Moriendi, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 6a. “Ümitsizlik”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 6b. “Ümit”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 7a. “Kibir”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 7b. “Alçakgönüllülük”, Ars Moriendi, ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
  • Resim 8. Ars Moriendi’deki onbirinci ve son ağaç baskı, 1450 dolayları https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/10313/1/MM07840.PDF
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burçak Balamber

Publication Date April 28, 2018
Submission Date September 24, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 40

Cite

APA Balamber, B. (2018). ONBEŞİNCİ YÜZYILDA İYİ ÖLME SANATI: ARS MORIENDI. Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi(40), 117-133.

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