Günümüzde Biyoteknolojik Bakteriyel Aşılar

Abstract

Aşılama infeksiyon hastalıklardan korunmak için en önemli ve maliyeti düşük yöntemlerden biridir. İnaktif ve atenüe aşılar, ekonomik öneme sahip hayvancılık sektörüne özgü ve zoonotik infeksiyonlarla mücadelede etkin araçlardır. Ancak, moleküler biyoloji ve immunolojide gerçekleştirilen gelişmelere bağlı olarak daha etkin ve güvenilir aşıların geliştirilmesine yönelik önemli çalışmalar yapılmakta ve yeni teknolojilere dayalı ürünler ticari kullanıma sunulmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, son yıllarda geliştirilen biyoteknolojik aşılar; natif ve rekombinant protein subunit, DNA ve vektör aşılardır. Subunit aşıların koruyucu immun yanıtı etkin uyarabilmesi için diğer inaktif aşılarda olduğu gibi uygun adjuvantlara ihtiyaç duyulmakta ve birden fazla immunojenden oluşan çok komponentli aşıların kullanımı önerilmektedir. DNA aşıları daha güçlü hücresel immun yanıt oluşturmakta ve genel olarak adjuvant ilavesi olmaksızın kullanılabilmektedir. Rekombinant subunit, DNA ve vektör aşıları etkindir ve daha az yan etkilidir, ayrıca marker olarak kullanım potansiyeline sahiptir. Marker aşıların en önemli yararları kontrol-eradikasyon programlarında aşılı ve infekte hayvanların ayrımını sağlayabilmeleridir. Özellikle, endemik seyreden infeksiyonlarla mücadelede yeni teknolojilere dayalı koruyucu antijenler ve aşılar ile adjuvantlar günümüz ve gelecek on yılın en önemli bilimsel, teknolojik ve ekonomik faaliyet alanlarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, yeni teknolojilere dayalı etkin, güvenilir, kolay uygulanabilir ve düşük maliyetli aşı geliştirme ve üretim çalışmaları veteriner hekimlik ve halk sağlığı açısından büyük öneme sahiptir.

Keywords

• Bakteriyel aşılar, DNA aşı, marker aşı, subunit aşı, vektör aşı

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