Secnidazol Treatment to Improve Milk Yield in Sheep with Giardiasis

Abstract

The purpose of this multidiciplinary (agricultural and veterinary fields) study was to assess the effect of single secnidazol treatment on milk production in dairy ewes naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Thirty dairy ewes with Giardiasis, were enrolled into 3 equal groups and Groups I and II were treated with secnidazole at a single dose rate of 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, respectively, perorally and G III ewes were controls. Throughout the study ewes in G III remained positive for Giardiasis, with some of them showed an increase without statistical significance in cyst counts on day 10 (ranged 1300241650) compared to the initial values (ranged between 5600-274600). The least square means and standard error of means of cyst excretion on D0 and D10 revealed that there was a significant reduction (P<0.001) in cyst reduction in GI and GII animals. Both group GI and GII ewes produced significantly more milk than group G III ones (P<0.001). The change of mean milk yield over time was statistically significant (P<0.001) among group GI and GII ewes; besides a statistically significant (P<0.001) reduction in the mean milk yield of group GIII ewes was observed. Given the efficacy of secnidazol treatment for cyst reduction and increased milk yield, it may be safely suggested that Giardiasis adversely affects the production of the infested animals.

Keywords

• Giardiasis, Milk yield, Secnidazol, Sheep.

Secnidazol Treatment to Improve Milk Yield in Sheep with Giardiasis

Abstract

Giardia duodenalis ile doğal enfekte sütçü koyunlar üzerine yapılan bu multidisipliner çalışmada tek dozda seknidazol sağaltım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Giardiasisli 30 sütçü koyun, 3 eşit gruba ayrılmıştır. Grup I ve Grup II’de tek doz seknidazol (sırasıyla 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg p.o.) sağaltımı uygulanmış ve Grup III kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma süresince kontrol grubu olan grup III’deki sütçü koyunlar Giardia yönünden pozitivitelerini sürdürmüşlerdir ve başlangıç değerleri (5600-274600) ile 10. gündeki (1300-241650) kist sayıları karşılaştırıldığında gruptaki bazı hayvanlarda istatistiksel önemi bulunmayan artış gözlenlenmiştir. Sıfırıncı ve 10. günlerindeki kist saçılımının en küçük kare ve standart hata değerlerine bakıldığında farklı doz seknidazol ile sağaltımı yapılan GI ve GII’deki hayvanların kist atılımında önemli derecede azalma (P<0.001) olduğu görülmüştür. Gerek GI, gerekse GII’deki koyunlar, GIII’dekilere oranla istatistiksel olarak belirgin şekilde daha fazla süt üretmişlerdir (P<0.001). Süt verimi ortalamalarında GI ve GII’de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (P<0.001) değişiklikler saptanırken, GIII’deki koyunlarda süt veriminde azalma (P<0.001) gözlemlendi. Seknidazol sağaltımının kist atılımında azalma ve süt veriminde artış gibi etkileri nedeniyle; Giardiasis’in, enfekte koyunların süt verimini olumsuz derecede etkilediği rahatlıkla söylenebilinir.

Keywords

• Giardiasis, Koyun, Seknidazol, Süt verimi.

References

1. Almirall P., Escobedo AA., Ayala I., Alfonso M., Salazar Y., Cañete R., Cimerman S., Galloso M., Olivero I., Robaina M., Tornés K., 2011. Mebendazole compared with secnidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: A randomised, no-inferiority, open clinical trial. Journal of Parasitological Research, 1-6.
2. Armour J., 1989. The influence of host immunity on the epidemiology of trichostrongyle infections in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 32, 5-19.
3. Bilal CQ., Khan MS., Avais M., Ijaz M., Khan JA., 2009. Prevalence and chemotherapy of Balantidium coli in cattle in the River Ravi region, Lahore (Pakistan). Veterinary Parasitology, 163, 1-2, 15Buret AG., 2008. Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalius. Parasite, 15, 3, 261-265.
4. Busatti HGNO., Santos JFG., Gomes MA., 2009. The old and new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of giardiasis: Where are we? Biologics, 3, 273-287.
5. Degerli S., Celiksoz AZ., Kalkan K., Ozcelik S., 2005. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cows and calves in Sivas. Turkish Journal of the Veterinary and Animal Science, 29, 9959
6. Di Prisco MC., Jiménez JC. ,Rodríguez N., Costa V., Villamizar J., Silvera A., Carrillo M., Lira C., Zerpa E., López Y., 2000. Clinical trial with secnidazole in a single dose in venezuelan children infected by Giardia intestinalis. Investigacion Clinica, 41, 179-1
7. Diaz V., Campos M., Lozano J., Manas I., Gonzalez J., 19 Aspect of animal giardiasis in Granada province (South Spain). Veterinary Parasitology, 64, 3, 171-176. Escobedo AA., Canete R., Gonzalez ME., Pareja A., Cimerman S., Almirall P., 2003. Randomized trial comparing mebendazole and secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis. Annals of Tropical Medicine Parasitology, 97, 5, 499–504.
8. Fthenakis GC, Jones JE., 1990. The effect of experimentally induced subclinical mastitis on milk yield of ewes and on the growth of lambs.

9. British Veterinary Journal, 146, 1, 43-49. Geurden T., Pohleb H., Sarrea C., Dreesena L., Vercruyssea J., Claerebouta E., 2011. The efficacy of a treatment with fenbendazole against an experimental Giardia duodenalis infection in lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 96, 2–3, 211–215.
10. Geurden T., Vercruysse J., Claerebout E., 2009. Is giardia a significant pathogen in production animals?. Experimental Parasitology, 124, 98–
11. Gillis JC., Wiseman LR., 1996. Secnidazole. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. Drugs, 51, 621-638.
12. Gross SJ., Ryan WG, Ploeger HW., 1999. Anthelmintic treatment of dairy cows and its effect on milk production. Veterinary Record, 144, 581-587.
13. Hawkins JA., 1993. Economic benefits of parasite control in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 46, 159-1
14. Henderson CF., Tilton EW., 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. Journal of Economical Entomology, 48, 157– 1
15. Le Jambre LF, Dominika S, Eadya SJ, Henshalla JM, Colditza IG., 2007. Adjusting worm egg counts for feacal moiture in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology, 145, 108-115.
16. Little G., Beggs D., Carmichael I., Dyson R., Malmo J., Leighton N., Pyman M., Webster M., Gogolewski RP., Gross SJ., Maciel A., Ryan W., 2000. Effect of Eprinomectin at calving on milk production of dairy herds. Proceedings of the Society of Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the NZVA Annual Conference, Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Combined Dairy Cattle Veterinarians Conference - incorporating the 17th Annual Seminar of the Society of Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the New Zealand
17. Veterinary Association, 241. Meloni BP., Lymbery AJ., Thompson RCA., 1995. Genetic characterization of isolation of Giardia duodenalis by enzyme electrophoresis – implications for reproductive biology, population, structure, taxonomy and epidemiology. Journal of Parasitology, 81, 3, 368-3
18. Mason WA., Pomroy WE., Lawrence KE., Scott I., 20 The effect of repeated, four-weekly eprinomectin treatment on milk production in pasture-based, seasonally-calving dairy cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 189, 2–4, 250–259. Imran M., Ahmad I., Malik MS., Hussain M., Khan MJ., Ahmad S., Ullah H., 2013. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Gastrointestinal Parasites in Ruminants. Global Veterinaria, 11, 6, 708-713.
19. Olson ME., McAllister TA., Deselliers L., Morck DW., Cheng KJ., Buret AG., Ceri H., 1995. Effects of giardiasis on production in a domestic ruminant (lamb) model. American Journal of the Veterinary Research, 56, 11, 1470-1474.
20. Olson ME., Thorlakson CL., Deselliers L., Morck DW., Mcallister TA., 19 Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Veterinary Parasitology, 68, 4, 375-381. Ozdal N., Tanritanir P., Goz Y., Deger S., Kozat S., 200 Parasitic protozoans (Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) in lambs with diarrhoea in the Van Province (Turkey). Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 53, 47-51. Ozmen O., Yukari BA., Haligur M., Sahinduran S., 200 Observations and immunohistochemical detection of coronavirus, cryptosporidium parvum and giardia intestinalis in neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and kids. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 148, 357-364. Presidente PJA., 1985. Resistance in nematodes to anthelmintic drugs. In CSIRO Division of Animal
21. Health Australian Wool Corporation, 15. Radostits OM., Leslie KE., Fetrow J., 1994. Internal parasites. In: Herd Health: Food Animal Production Medicine 2nd ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 323-324.
22. Rehbein S., Winter R., Visser M., Maciel AE., Marley SE., 2005. Chorioptic mange in dairy cattle: treatment with eprinomectin pour-on. Parasitology Research, 98, 1, 21-25.
23. Reist M, Medjitna TD, Braun U, Pfister K., 2002. Effect of a treatment with eprinomectin or trichlorfon on the yield and quality of milk produced by multiparous dairy cows. Veterinary Record, 151, 377-3
24. Rossignol JF., 2010. Cryptosporidium and Giardia: Treatment options and prospects for new drugs. Experimental Parasitology, 124, 45-53.
25. Ruest N., Couture Y., Faubert GM., Girard C., 1997. Morphological changes in the jejunum of calves naturally infected with giardia spp. and cryptosporidium spp. Veterinary Parasitology, 69, 177–186.
26. Ryan UM., Bath C., Robertson I., Read C., Elliot A., McInnes L., Traub R., Besier B., 2005. Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 71, 4992–4997.
27. Sanchez J., Dohoo I., Carrier J., DesCôteaux L., 2004. A meta-analysis of the milk-production response after anthelmintic treatment in naturally infected adult dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 63, 3, 237-256.
28. Sithole F., Dohoo I., Leslie K., DesCôteaux L., Godden S., Campbell J., Stryhn H., Sanchez J., 2005. Effect of Eprinomectin Treatment at Calving on Milk Production in Dairy Herds with Limited Outdoor Exposure. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 3, 929–937.
29. SPSS, 2009. PASW Statistics 18 Release 18.0.0. Copyright 1993-2007 Polar Engineering and Consulting, http://www.winwrap.com.
30. Sweeny JP., Jacobson C., Robertson I., Ryan UM., 20 Carcass productivity consequences of trichostrongylid and protozoan parasites in Merino×Suffolk prime lambs in the South West of Western Australia. Conference proceedings: The 12 th International Congress of parasitology (ICOPA), Melbourne, p. 123. Tarrar MA., Khan MS., Pervez K., Ashraf K., Khan JA., Rehman ZU., 200 Detection and chemotherapy of balantidium coli in Buffaloes around Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, 45, 2, 163-166. Ural K., Aysul N., Voyvoda H., Ulutas B., Aldemir OS.,Eren H., 2014. Single dose of secnidazole treatment against naturally occuring Giardia duodenalis infection in Sakiz lambs. Revista MVZ Cordoba, 19, 1, 4023-4032.
31. Videau D., Niel G., Catalan F., 1978. Secnidazole A 5nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life. British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 54, 77-80.
32. Wilson JM., Hankenson FC. 2009. Evaluation of an inhouse rapid ELISA test for detection of Giardia in domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Journal of the American Association Laboratory Animal Science, 49, 6, 809-813.