Günümüzde Biyoteknolojik Bakteriyel Aşılar

Year 2010, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 97 - 105, 06.06.2010

Özlem Büyüktanır

Abstract

Aşılama infeksiyon hastalıklardan korunmak için en önemli ve maliyeti düşük yöntemlerden biridir. İnaktif ve atenüe aşılar,
ekonomik öneme sahip hayvancılık sektörüne özgü ve zoonotik infeksiyonlarla mücadelede etkin araçlardır. Ancak, moleküler
biyoloji ve immunolojide gerçekleştirilen gelişmelere bağlı olarak daha etkin ve güvenilir aşıların geliştirilmesine yönelik önemli
çalışmalar yapılmakta ve yeni teknolojilere dayalı ürünler ticari kullanıma sunulmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, son yıllarda geliştirilen
biyoteknolojik aşılar; natif ve rekombinant protein subunit, DNA ve vektör aşılardır. Subunit aşıların koruyucu immun yanıtı etkin
uyarabilmesi için diğer inaktif aşılarda olduğu gibi uygun adjuvantlara ihtiyaç duyulmakta ve birden fazla immunojenden oluşan çok
komponentli aşıların kullanımı önerilmektedir. DNA aşıları daha güçlü hücresel immun yanıt oluşturmakta ve genel olarak adjuvant
ilavesi olmaksızın kullanılabilmektedir. Rekombinant subunit, DNA ve vektör aşıları etkindir ve daha az yan etkilidir, ayrıca marker
olarak kullanım potansiyeline sahiptir. Marker aşıların en önemli yararları kontrol-eradikasyon programlarında aşılı ve infekte
hayvanların ayrımını sağlayabilmeleridir. Özellikle, endemik seyreden infeksiyonlarla mücadelede yeni teknolojilere dayalı koruyucu
antijenler ve aşılar ile adjuvantlar günümüz ve gelecek on yılın en önemli bilimsel, teknolojik ve ekonomik faaliyet alanlarından birini
oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, yeni teknolojilere dayalı etkin, güvenilir, kolay uygulanabilir ve düşük maliyetli aşı geliştirme ve
üretim çalışmaları veteriner hekimlik ve halk sağlığı açısından büyük öneme sahiptir.

Keywords

Bakteriyel aşılar, DNA aşı, marker aşı, subunit aşı, vektör aşı

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