Abstract
Melatonin is an important hormone released by pineal gland that its synthesis is primarily dependent on the darkness. Melatonin has many functions in the organism, such as the regulation of cardiac rhythm, immunoregulatory mechanisms, free-‐radical scavenger, antioxidant functions, oncostatic actions, control of reproductive functions, regulation of emotions, and sleep. Also, one of the major effects of melatonin identified is the activation of immune system cells either directly or indirectly, along with being a modulator of apoptosis and a potent antioxidant. In this study, data collected on the effects of melatonin upon the immune system functions as well as the studies regarding the treatment options when it is combined with other drugs to combat with some viral infections like Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Selmiki Forest Virus, Retrovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Mink Aleutian Virus were reviewed. In these studies, it has been reported that melatonin was lowered the amount of the virus, reduced the infection mortality rate and alleviate the symptoms of the viral infections due to the effects of oxidative stress. As a result, one should keep in mind that melatonin could be a supportive therapy option during the treatment of viral infections. Key words: Melatonin, Viral infections.
Keywords
References
- Akaite T.,Maeda H., 2000. Nitric oxide and virus infection. Immunol., 101, 300-308.
- Ben-Nathan D., Maestroni GJM., Conti A., 1995. Protective effect of melatonin in mice infected with encephalitis viruses.Arch. Virol.,140, 223230.
- Boga JA., Coto-Montes A.,Rosales-Corral SA.,Tan D., Reiter RJ.,2012. Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections a new use for this “molecular handyman?” Rev. Med. Virol.,22, 323-33
- Bonilla E., Valero-Fuenmayor N., Pons H., ChacinBonilla L.,1997. Melatonin protects mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 53, 430-434.
- Currier NL., Sun LZ., Miller SC., 2000. Exogenous melatonin: quantitative enhancement in vivo of cells mediating non specific immunity. J. Neuroimmunol., 104, 101-108.
- Diker KS.,1998. İmmunoloji. “Viruslara karşı bağışıklık”, 206-207. Medisan Yayınları, Ankara. Ellis LC., 1996. Melatonin reduces mortality from Aleutian disease in mink ((Mustela vison). J. Pineal Res., 21, 214-217.
- Fields BN., Bernard N., Peter M., Howley MD., Diane E., Griffin D., Robert A., Lamb D., Malcolm A., Martin MD., Stephen E., Bernard R., Straus MD., David M., Knipe D., 2001. Fields - Virology (Two Volumes) 4th Ed., 770. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, USA.
- Garcia-Mauriño S., Gonzalez-Haba MG., Calvo JR., Rafii-El-Idrissi M., Sanchez-Margalet V., Goberna R., Guerrero JM., 1997. Melatonin enhances IL2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: a possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes. J. Immunol., 159, 574-581.
- García-Mauriño S., Pozo D., Calvo JR., Guerrero JM., 2000. Correlation between nuclear melatonin receptor expression and enhanced cytokine production in human lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines. J. Pineal Res., 29, 129-137.
- Hadley ME., 1992. Endocrinology. In “ Endocrine role of the Pineal gland”, 3th Ed., 532-540, PrenticeHall, Inc., New Jersey.
- Huang SH., Cao XJ., Liu W., Shi XY., Wei W., 2010. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus nfection in mice. J. Pineal Res., 48, 109-116.
- Mac Lachlan NJ., Dubovi EJ., 2011. Fenner's Veterinary Virology. In “Togaviridae”. 4th Ed., 460-461. Academic Press, Elsevier, USA.
- Maestroni GJM., 2001. The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 10, 467-476.
- Nathan C., Shiloh MU., 2000. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. J. Clinc. Invest. 97, 8841-8848.
- Negrette B., Bonilla E., Valero N., Pons H., Tamayo JG., Chacín-Bonilla L., Medina-Leendertz S., Añez F., 2001. Melatonin treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus TC83. Neurochem. Res., 26, 767-770.
- Ozkul A., Yıldırım Y., Pınar D., Akcalı A., Yılmaz V., Colak D., 2006. Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect., 134, 826-829.
- Park SJ., Tokura H., 1999. Bright light exposure during the daytime affects circadian rhythms of urinary melatonin and salivary immunoglobulin A. Chronobiol. Int., 16, 359-371.
- Reiter RJ., Tan DX., Sainz RM., Mayo JC., Lopez-Burillo S., 2002. Melatonine: reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 54, 1299-1321.
- Srinivasan V., Mohamed M., Kato H., 2012. Melatonine in bacterial and viral infections with focus on sepsis: A review. Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov., 6, 30-39.
- Tan DX., Chen LD., Poeggeler B., Manchester LC., Reiter RJ., 1993. Melatonine: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine Reg., 1, 57-60.
- Vermuelen M., Palermo M., Giordano M., 1993. Neonatal pinealectomy impairs murine atibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, J. Neuroimmunol., 43, 97-102.
- Yapıcı O., Kale M., Gur S., Mamak N., Yavru S., Hasircioglu S., Bulut O., 2012. Serologic Investigation for West Nile Virus Infection in commercial domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11, 2211-2214.
- Yazıcı Z., Albayrak H., Ozan E., Gumusova S., 2012. The first investigation of West Nile Virus in horses using real time RT-PCR in Middle Black Sea Region in Turkey. J. Arthropod Borne Dis., 6, 151-155.
- Zhang Z., Aranghi-Niknam M., Liang B., Inserra P., Ardestani SK., Jiang S., Chow S., Watson RR., 1996. Prevention of immune dysfunction and vitamin E loss by dehydroepiandrosterone and melatonin supplementation during murine retrovirus infection. Immunology, 96,291-297.
Abstract
Melatonin, pineal bezden salınan ve sentezlenmesi için primer olarak karanlığa bağımlı olan önemli bir hormondur. Melatoninin kardiyak ritmin düzenlenmesi, immunregülasyon mekanizmaları, serbest radikal süpürücülüğü, antioksidan fonksiyonlar, onkostatik olaylar, reprodüktif fonksiyonların kontrolü, duyguların düzenlenmesi ve uyku gibi organizmanın birçok fonksiyonunda rol oynadığı da yapılan çalışmalarla birçok kez ortaya konmuştur. Melatoninin organizmadaki önemli etkilerinden birisi de immun sistem üzerine olan etkisidir. Melatonin, immun sistem hücrelerini doğrudan ya da dolaylı yollarla aktive eder, apoptozisi düzenler ve güçlü bir antioksidandır. Bu çalışmada melatoninin immun sistem fonksiyonları üzerindeki etkileri yanı sıra, Venezuelan Equine Encefalitis, Batı Nil Virusu, Semliki Forest Virus, Retroviruslar, Respiratuar Sinsityal Virus ve Vizonların Aleutian Hastalığı gibi bazı viral enfeksiyonların tedavisinde ya tek başına yada diğer ilaçlarla birlikte kombine edilerek kullanıldığı çalışmalar ile ilgili veriler derlenmiştir. Bu çalışmalarda melatoninin vücuttaki virus miktarını azalttığı, ölüm oranını düşürdüğü, viral enfeksiyonlar sırasında oluşan oksidatif stres kaynaklı hasarları azaltarak semptomları hafiflettiği bildirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, viral enfeksiyonların tedavileri sırasında yaşanan çaresizlikler dikkate alındığında, elde edilen bu verilere de dayanılarak melatoninin birçok viral enfeksiyonun tedavisinde destekleyici tedavi seçeneği olabileceği akılda bulundurulmalıdır.
Keywords
References
- Akaite T.,Maeda H., 2000. Nitric oxide and virus infection. Immunol., 101, 300-308.
- Ben-Nathan D., Maestroni GJM., Conti A., 1995. Protective effect of melatonin in mice infected with encephalitis viruses.Arch. Virol.,140, 223230.
- Boga JA., Coto-Montes A.,Rosales-Corral SA.,Tan D., Reiter RJ.,2012. Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections a new use for this “molecular handyman?” Rev. Med. Virol.,22, 323-33
- Bonilla E., Valero-Fuenmayor N., Pons H., ChacinBonilla L.,1997. Melatonin protects mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 53, 430-434.
- Currier NL., Sun LZ., Miller SC., 2000. Exogenous melatonin: quantitative enhancement in vivo of cells mediating non specific immunity. J. Neuroimmunol., 104, 101-108.
- Diker KS.,1998. İmmunoloji. “Viruslara karşı bağışıklık”, 206-207. Medisan Yayınları, Ankara. Ellis LC., 1996. Melatonin reduces mortality from Aleutian disease in mink ((Mustela vison). J. Pineal Res., 21, 214-217.
- Fields BN., Bernard N., Peter M., Howley MD., Diane E., Griffin D., Robert A., Lamb D., Malcolm A., Martin MD., Stephen E., Bernard R., Straus MD., David M., Knipe D., 2001. Fields - Virology (Two Volumes) 4th Ed., 770. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, USA.
- Garcia-Mauriño S., Gonzalez-Haba MG., Calvo JR., Rafii-El-Idrissi M., Sanchez-Margalet V., Goberna R., Guerrero JM., 1997. Melatonin enhances IL2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: a possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes. J. Immunol., 159, 574-581.
- García-Mauriño S., Pozo D., Calvo JR., Guerrero JM., 2000. Correlation between nuclear melatonin receptor expression and enhanced cytokine production in human lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines. J. Pineal Res., 29, 129-137.
- Hadley ME., 1992. Endocrinology. In “ Endocrine role of the Pineal gland”, 3th Ed., 532-540, PrenticeHall, Inc., New Jersey.
- Huang SH., Cao XJ., Liu W., Shi XY., Wei W., 2010. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus nfection in mice. J. Pineal Res., 48, 109-116.
- Mac Lachlan NJ., Dubovi EJ., 2011. Fenner's Veterinary Virology. In “Togaviridae”. 4th Ed., 460-461. Academic Press, Elsevier, USA.
- Maestroni GJM., 2001. The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 10, 467-476.
- Nathan C., Shiloh MU., 2000. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. J. Clinc. Invest. 97, 8841-8848.
- Negrette B., Bonilla E., Valero N., Pons H., Tamayo JG., Chacín-Bonilla L., Medina-Leendertz S., Añez F., 2001. Melatonin treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus TC83. Neurochem. Res., 26, 767-770.
- Ozkul A., Yıldırım Y., Pınar D., Akcalı A., Yılmaz V., Colak D., 2006. Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect., 134, 826-829.
- Park SJ., Tokura H., 1999. Bright light exposure during the daytime affects circadian rhythms of urinary melatonin and salivary immunoglobulin A. Chronobiol. Int., 16, 359-371.
- Reiter RJ., Tan DX., Sainz RM., Mayo JC., Lopez-Burillo S., 2002. Melatonine: reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 54, 1299-1321.
- Srinivasan V., Mohamed M., Kato H., 2012. Melatonine in bacterial and viral infections with focus on sepsis: A review. Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov., 6, 30-39.
- Tan DX., Chen LD., Poeggeler B., Manchester LC., Reiter RJ., 1993. Melatonine: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine Reg., 1, 57-60.
- Vermuelen M., Palermo M., Giordano M., 1993. Neonatal pinealectomy impairs murine atibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, J. Neuroimmunol., 43, 97-102.
- Yapıcı O., Kale M., Gur S., Mamak N., Yavru S., Hasircioglu S., Bulut O., 2012. Serologic Investigation for West Nile Virus Infection in commercial domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11, 2211-2214.
- Yazıcı Z., Albayrak H., Ozan E., Gumusova S., 2012. The first investigation of West Nile Virus in horses using real time RT-PCR in Middle Black Sea Region in Turkey. J. Arthropod Borne Dis., 6, 151-155.
- Zhang Z., Aranghi-Niknam M., Liang B., Inserra P., Ardestani SK., Jiang S., Chow S., Watson RR., 1996. Prevention of immune dysfunction and vitamin E loss by dehydroepiandrosterone and melatonin supplementation during murine retrovirus infection. Immunology, 96,291-297.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Derlemeler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 31, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 |
