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Bakteriyel Biyofilmler

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 45 - 51, 15.10.2018

Abstract

Biyofilmin varlığından ilk olarak 17. yy da bahsedilmiş ancak; 1978 yılına kadar biyofilm

çalışmalarına yeterince önem verilmemiştir. 1978 yılında Costerton ve arkadaşları

mikroorganizmaların biyofilm oluşturarak canlı ve cansız yüzeyler üzerine tutunarak bu

durumdan ekolojik yarar sağladıklarını mekanizmalarla açıklamışlardır. Biyofilmlerin yapı

taşı hücre dışı polimerik maddeler (Extracellular Polymeric Substances, EPS)’dir. EPS,

biyofilm mikroorganizmalarının gömülü olduğu mikrobiyal kökenli biyopolimerlerdir.

EPS, polisakkaritlere ek olarak, çok çeşitli proteinler, glikoproteinler, glikolipitler ve bazı

durumlarda şaşırtıcı miktarda hücre dışı DNA (e-DNA) içerir. Çoğunluğu algılama (QS),

Fuqua ve arkadaşları tarafından 1994 yılında tanımlanan hücre-hücre iletişiminin bir örneğidir

ve otoindüktörler olarak da adlandırılan küçük, difüze olan sinyal moleküllerinin üretilmesi,

salgılanması ve tepkimesine bağlıdır. Biyofilm içinde bakteri konsantrasyonunda eşik değere

ulaşıldığında, bakteri gen ekspresyonunu değiştirir ve ihtiyacı olan genlerin, enzim ve toksin gibi

virülans faktörleri, transkripsiyonunu sağlar. Biyofilm oluştuktan sonra, bakteri yoğunluğuna ve

oluşan EPS matriksin gücüne bağlı olarak, genetik değişimin artması, antibiyotiklerin yapısının

bozulması ve dirençli klonların seçilmesi gibi mekanizmalarla güçlü biyofilm direnci gelişir.

Biyofilm enfeksiyonlarını önlemede iki yaklaşım söz konusudur: i) biyofilm oluşumunu

engellemek ii) oluşmuş biyofilmi uzaklaştırmak. Bu derleme yazıda, biyofilmin oluşumu ve

biyofilmin önlenmesinde rol oynayan bileşikler tartışılmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Costerton JW, Geesey GG. and Cheng KJ. How bacteria stick. Sci Am 1978; 238(1): 86-95. 2. Marshall KC, Stout R, Mitchell R. Mechanisms of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J Gen Microbiol 1971; 68: 337-48. 3. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE et al. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 1995; 49: 711-45. 4. Gaddy JA, Actis L. Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Future Microbiol 2009; 4(3): 273-8. 5. Brackman G. CoenyeT. Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21: 5-11. 6. Frølund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, Nielsen PH. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res 1996; 30: 1749-58. 7. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, DeBeer D et al. Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 1994; 176(8): 2137-42. 8. Yang L, Liu Y, Wu H et al. Current understanding of multi-species biofilms. Int J Oral Sci 2011; 3(2): 74-81. 9. Steinberger RE, Holden PA. Extracellular DNA in singleand multi-species unsaturated biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71(9): 5404-10. 10. Izano EA, Shah SM, Kaplan JB. Intercellular adhesion and biocide resistance in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms. Microb Pathog 2009; 46(4): 207-13. 11. Lee HW, Kah YM, Kim J et al. Capacity of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii toform biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(1): 49- 54. 12. Gaddy JA, Actis L. Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Future Microbiol 2009; 4(3): 273-8. 13. Rodríguez-Baño J, Martí S, Soto S et al. Biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii: associated featuresand clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(3): 276-8. 14. Kaplan HB, Greenberg EP. Diffusion of autoinducer is involved in regulation of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence system. J Bacteriol 1985; 163: 1210-14. 15. Williams P. Quorum sensing, communication and cross-kingdom signaling in the bacterial world. Microbiology 2007; 153: 3923-38. 16. Nealson KH, Platt T, Hastings JW. Cellular control of the synthesis and activity of the bacterial luminescent system. J Bacteriol 1970; 104: 313-22. 17. Czajkowski R, Jafra S. Quenching of acylhomoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing by enzymatic disruption of signal molecules. Acta Biochimica Polinica 2009: 56(1); 1-16. 18. Bassler BL, Wright M, Showalter RE, Silverman MR. Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence Mol Microbiol 1993: 9; 773-86. 19. Schauder S, Shokat K, Surette MG, Bassler BL. The LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum-sensing signal molecule. Mol Microbiol 2001: 41; 463-76. 20. Lyon WR, Madden JC, Levin JC et al. Mutation of luxSaffects growth and virulence factor expression in Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 2001: 42; 145-57. 21. Sperandio V, Mellies JL, Nguyen W et al. Quorum sensing controls expression of the type III secretion gene transcription and protein secretion in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1999: 96; 15196-201. 22. Kim S, Jung UT, Kim SK et al. Nanostructured multifunctional surface with antireflective and antimicrobial characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015: 7; 326-31. 23. Bhardwaj AK, Vinothkumar K, Rajpara N. Bacterial quorum sensing inhibitors: Attractive alternatives for control of infectious pathogens showing multiple drug resistance. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2013; 8: 68-83. 24. Brackman G, Coenye T. Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21: 5-11. 25. Tang K, Zhang XH. Quorum quenching agents: Resources for antivirulence therapy. Mar Drugs 2014; 12: 3245-82. 26. Weiland-Brauer N, Kisch MJ, Pinnow N et al. Highly effective inhibition of biofilm formationby the first metagenome-derived AI-2 quenching enzyme. Front Microbiol 2016; 7; 1098. 27. Parsek MR. Val DL, Hanzelka BL et al. Acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 4360-4365. 28. Hoffmann N, Lee B, Hentzer M et al. Azithromycin blocks quorum sensing and alginate polymer formation and increases the sensitivity to serum and stationary-growth-phase killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and attenuates chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in Cftr-/- mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3677-87. 29. Kim C, Kim J, Park HY et al. Structural understanding of quorum-sensing inhibitors by molecular modeling study in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83: 1095-103. 30. Galloway WR, Hodgkinson JT, Bowden SD et al. Quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: Small-molecule modulation of AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing pathways. Chem Rev 2011; 111: 28-67. 31. Christensen LD, van Gennip M, Jakobsen TH et al. Synergistic antibacterial efficacy of early combination treatmentwith tobramycin and quorumsensing inhibitors against Pseudomonasaeruginosa in an intraperitoneal foreign-body infectionmouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 1198- 206. 32. Darouiche RO, Mansouri MD, Gawande PV, Madhyastha, S. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of triclosan anddispersinB combination. JAntimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 88-93. 33. Kaplan JB. Therapeutic potential of biofilmdispersing enzymes. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 32: 545-54. 34. Leroy C, Delbarre-Ladrat C, Ghillebaert F et al. Effects of commercial enzymes on the adhesionof a marine biofilm-forming bacterium. Biofouling 2008; 24: 11-22. 35. Shah A, Mond J, Walsh S. Lysostaphincoated catheters eradicate Staphylococccus aureus challenge and block surface colonization. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2704-07.
Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 45 - 51, 15.10.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. Costerton JW, Geesey GG. and Cheng KJ. How bacteria stick. Sci Am 1978; 238(1): 86-95. 2. Marshall KC, Stout R, Mitchell R. Mechanisms of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J Gen Microbiol 1971; 68: 337-48. 3. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE et al. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 1995; 49: 711-45. 4. Gaddy JA, Actis L. Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Future Microbiol 2009; 4(3): 273-8. 5. Brackman G. CoenyeT. Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21: 5-11. 6. Frølund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, Nielsen PH. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res 1996; 30: 1749-58. 7. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, DeBeer D et al. Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 1994; 176(8): 2137-42. 8. Yang L, Liu Y, Wu H et al. Current understanding of multi-species biofilms. Int J Oral Sci 2011; 3(2): 74-81. 9. Steinberger RE, Holden PA. Extracellular DNA in singleand multi-species unsaturated biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71(9): 5404-10. 10. Izano EA, Shah SM, Kaplan JB. Intercellular adhesion and biocide resistance in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms. Microb Pathog 2009; 46(4): 207-13. 11. Lee HW, Kah YM, Kim J et al. Capacity of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii toform biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(1): 49- 54. 12. Gaddy JA, Actis L. Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Future Microbiol 2009; 4(3): 273-8. 13. Rodríguez-Baño J, Martí S, Soto S et al. Biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii: associated featuresand clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(3): 276-8. 14. Kaplan HB, Greenberg EP. Diffusion of autoinducer is involved in regulation of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence system. J Bacteriol 1985; 163: 1210-14. 15. Williams P. Quorum sensing, communication and cross-kingdom signaling in the bacterial world. Microbiology 2007; 153: 3923-38. 16. Nealson KH, Platt T, Hastings JW. Cellular control of the synthesis and activity of the bacterial luminescent system. J Bacteriol 1970; 104: 313-22. 17. Czajkowski R, Jafra S. Quenching of acylhomoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing by enzymatic disruption of signal molecules. Acta Biochimica Polinica 2009: 56(1); 1-16. 18. Bassler BL, Wright M, Showalter RE, Silverman MR. Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence Mol Microbiol 1993: 9; 773-86. 19. Schauder S, Shokat K, Surette MG, Bassler BL. The LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum-sensing signal molecule. Mol Microbiol 2001: 41; 463-76. 20. Lyon WR, Madden JC, Levin JC et al. Mutation of luxSaffects growth and virulence factor expression in Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 2001: 42; 145-57. 21. Sperandio V, Mellies JL, Nguyen W et al. Quorum sensing controls expression of the type III secretion gene transcription and protein secretion in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1999: 96; 15196-201. 22. Kim S, Jung UT, Kim SK et al. Nanostructured multifunctional surface with antireflective and antimicrobial characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015: 7; 326-31. 23. Bhardwaj AK, Vinothkumar K, Rajpara N. Bacterial quorum sensing inhibitors: Attractive alternatives for control of infectious pathogens showing multiple drug resistance. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2013; 8: 68-83. 24. Brackman G, Coenye T. Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21: 5-11. 25. Tang K, Zhang XH. Quorum quenching agents: Resources for antivirulence therapy. Mar Drugs 2014; 12: 3245-82. 26. Weiland-Brauer N, Kisch MJ, Pinnow N et al. Highly effective inhibition of biofilm formationby the first metagenome-derived AI-2 quenching enzyme. Front Microbiol 2016; 7; 1098. 27. Parsek MR. Val DL, Hanzelka BL et al. Acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 4360-4365. 28. Hoffmann N, Lee B, Hentzer M et al. Azithromycin blocks quorum sensing and alginate polymer formation and increases the sensitivity to serum and stationary-growth-phase killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and attenuates chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in Cftr-/- mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3677-87. 29. Kim C, Kim J, Park HY et al. Structural understanding of quorum-sensing inhibitors by molecular modeling study in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83: 1095-103. 30. Galloway WR, Hodgkinson JT, Bowden SD et al. Quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: Small-molecule modulation of AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing pathways. Chem Rev 2011; 111: 28-67. 31. Christensen LD, van Gennip M, Jakobsen TH et al. Synergistic antibacterial efficacy of early combination treatmentwith tobramycin and quorumsensing inhibitors against Pseudomonasaeruginosa in an intraperitoneal foreign-body infectionmouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 1198- 206. 32. Darouiche RO, Mansouri MD, Gawande PV, Madhyastha, S. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of triclosan anddispersinB combination. JAntimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 88-93. 33. Kaplan JB. Therapeutic potential of biofilmdispersing enzymes. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 32: 545-54. 34. Leroy C, Delbarre-Ladrat C, Ghillebaert F et al. Effects of commercial enzymes on the adhesionof a marine biofilm-forming bacterium. Biofouling 2008; 24: 11-22. 35. Shah A, Mond J, Walsh S. Lysostaphincoated catheters eradicate Staphylococccus aureus challenge and block surface colonization. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2704-07.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Rewiev
Authors

Özge Altınok This is me 0000-0003-3981-539X

Öznur Gürpınar This is me

Özgen Eser This is me

Publication Date October 15, 2018
Acceptance Date June 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altınok, Ö., Gürpınar, Ö., & Eser, Ö. (2018). Bakteriyel Biyofilmler. Tıp Fakültesi Klinikleri Dergisi, 1(2), 45-51.


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