BİYODEDEKTİF; HAM PETROL SIZINTISI VE PETROL İLE İLGİLİ ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ARAŞTIRMALARINDA BİYOMARKER VERİLERİNİN KULLANIMI

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 172 - 190, 31.10.2017

Nazan Yalcın Erik

https://doi.org/10.20290/aubtdb.299509

Öz

Kazalar veya
ihmaller sonucunda ham petrol ve rafinasyon ürünlerinden itibaren oluşan deniz
veya kara ekosistemindeki kirliliklerin biyomarkerler verileri ile
araştırılması, kaynağa ait izlerin takibi ve buna neden eden kaynağın (petrol
tankeri, gemi, tekne vb) ortaya çıkartılması son yıllarda sıkça uygulanan bir
yöntemdir. Günümüzde detaylı ve gelişmiş aletsel yöntemlerle gittikçe gelişen bir
araştırma türü olmuştur. Biyomarkerler
petrol bileşenleri içindeki en önemli gruplardan biridir. Çok düşük
miktarlarının bile gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometre (GC-MS) cihazı kullanılarak
belirlenebilmesi ve petrol için önemli tanımlayıcı bilgileri sağlaması
nedeniyle yıllardır petrol jeolojisi çalışmalarında sıkça kullanılmasına neden
olmuştur. Petroldeki alkanlar ve birçok aromatik bileşene göre biyomarkerler
çevresel şartlarda bozunmaya karşı daha dayanıklıdır. Ayrıca, farklı
jeolojik yaşlar ve koşullara dair belirteç olması nedeniyle farklı biyomarker
parmak izlerini de oluştururlar. Böylece biyomarker incelemeleri ile sızıntının
kaynağı, ayrımlanması, petrollerin tanımlanması ve korelasyonu ile çevresel
etkenler nedeniyle gelişen bozunma sürecinin takibi sağlanabilmektedir. Bu
makalede biyomarkerlerin kimyasal özellikleri kısaca anlatılarak, biyomarker
tanımlama ve değerlendirilmesi, dağılımları, bileşimindeki bozunma etkileri,
tanımlayıcı oranlar, petrol ve türevlerine ait sızıntı çalışmalarında
biyomarker parmak izlerinin kullanımı ve bu kapsamda dünyada yapılan bazı örnek
çalışmalar hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyomarker, kimyasal parmak izi, ham petrol sızıntısı, terpanlar, steranlar

BIODETECTIVE; BIOMARKER DATA USAGE IN CRUDE OIL SPILL AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION STUDIES RELATED OIL

Öz

The investigation of the pollution of marine or land ecosystem
resulting from accidents or negligence of crude oil and refinery products by
biomarker data, the trace of the source and the find the suspect source (oil
tanker, ship, boat etc.) have been frequently applied for the last years by
this method.  Recently, it has become a advanced
research method by detailed and advanced instrumental methods. Biomarkers are
one of the most important hydrocarbon groups in petroleum. Biomarkers can be
detected in low quantities (ppm and sub-ppm level) in the presence of a wide
variety of other types of petroleum hydrocarbons by the use of the gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) apparatus. Relative to other
hydrocarbon groups in oil such as alkanes and most aromatic compounds,
biomarkers are more degradation-resistant in the environment. Furthermore,
biomarkers formed under different geological conditions and ages may exhibit
different biomarker fingerprints. Therefore, chemical analysis of biomarkers
generates information of great importance to environmental forensic
investigations in terms of determining the source of spilled oil,
differentiating and correlating oils, and monitoring the degradation process
and weathering state of oils under a wide variety of conditions. This article
briefly reviews biomarker chemistry, biomarker characterization and
quantification, distributions, weathering effects on biomarker composition,
diagnostic ratios, application of biomarker fingerprinting techniques for spill
source investigations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biomarker, chemical fingerprinting, crude oil spill, terpanes, steranes

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