EFFECTS OF THALLIUM ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF LUCILIA SERICATA MEIGEN 1826 AND PMI ESTIMATION

Year 2011, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 103 - 12, 06.07.2011

Ferhat Altunsoy , Arif Başaran

Abstract

Determination of larval growth rate of and forensic analysis of the age of Calliphoridae larvae on
a corpse are useful evidence in legal investigations for the estimation of exact death time and time duration
after death; post mortem interval. However many factors, such as temperature, tissue type and
contamination of drugs and toxins, effect larval development of blow fly larvae and consequently the
estimation of post mortem interval. The present study examined the larval growth rate of a forensically
important blow fly species, Lucilia sericata Meigen 1826 in different concentrations (0,12; 0,25; 0,50;
1 and 2 μg/g) of toxic heavy metal Thallium under controlled laboratory conditions. Body length and
weight, death ratio of larvae and pupa between experimental and control groups were compared. Results
demonstrated that the development rate of larvae between uncontaminated and contaminated diets varies significantly. In short, they molted later, reached maximum length more slowly and sometimes produced significantly smaller pupae in contaminated food source. These results emphasized that the importance of determining the contamination rate of toxins in tissue for the forensic entomologist, while using development rates from standard curves based on larvae fed non-contaminated mediums.

Keywords

-

TALYUMUN LUCILIA SERICATA MEIGEN 1826’NIN LARVAL GELİŞIMİ VE PMI TAHMİNİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Abstract

Calliphoridae larvalarının adli analizlerle yaşlarının ve larval büyüme oranlarının belirlenmesi adli incelemelerde minimum ölüm zamanının ve ölüm sonrasında geçen sürenin ölüm sonrası zamanın belirlenmesinde kullanışlı delillerdir. Ancak sıcaklık, larvaların beslendiği doku tipi ve dokuların ilaç veya toksinlerle kontamine olması gibi birçok faktör yapışkan sinek larvalarının gelişimini dolayısıyla ölüm sonrası zamanın tahminini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada adli açıdan son derece önemli olan yapışkan sinek türü olan Lucilia sericata Meigen 1826’nın toksik ağır metal olan Talyumun farklı konsantrasyonlarındaki (0,12; 0,25; 0,50; 1 and 2 µg/g) gelişimi kontrol altındaki laboratuvar koşullarında incelenmiştir. Larvaların boy, ağırlık değişimi ile larval ve pupal ölüm oranları kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar doğrultusunda, kontrol grubu ile deney gruplarının gelişimleri arasında önemli ölçüde farkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kısaca, kontrol grubuna oranla, daha geç deri değiştirdikleri, maksimum uzunluğa daha geç ulaştıkları ve dozaja bağlı olarak oldukça küçük pupa oluşturdukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, adli çalışmalarda, standart besi ortamında yetiştirilen larval örneklerin gelişim süreleri kullanıldığında, adli araştırmacının dokulardaki kontaminasyonu belirlemesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

Ölüm sonrası zamanın tahmini, Adli entomoloji, Entomotoxicology, Larval gelişim oranı, Lucilia sericata, Yapışkan sinek

References

• Açıkgöz, H.N., Hancı, I.H. ve Çetin, G. (2002). ‘How Can We Make Use of Insects in Fo- rensic Cases?’ Ankara University Faculty of Law Journal. 51(3), 117-125.
• Aktay, G., Açıkgöz, H.N. ve Hancı, İ.H. (2003). ‘Adli Bilimlerde Yeni Bir Araştırma Alanı: Entomotoksikoloji’ Adli Bilimler Dergisi, 3.
• Altunsoy, F., Kılıç, A.Y. and Kose, F. (2010). ‘Effects of Some Toxic Heavy Metals on Larval Growth Rates of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Estimation of PMI.’ Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 19, 6 22-30.
• Ames, C. ve Tuner, B.D. (2003). ‘Low tempera- ture episodes in the development of blow- flies: implications for postmortem interval estimation.’ Medical and Veterinary En- tomology 17, 178-186.
• Archer, M., Bassed, R., Briggs, C. ve Lynch, M. (2005). ‘Social isolation and delayed dis- covery of bodies in houses: the value of forensic pathology, anthropology, odon- tology and entomology in the medico- legal investigation.’ Forensic Science In- ternational 151, 259–265.
• Arnott, S. ve Turner, B. (2008). ‘Post-feeding larval behaviour in blowfly, Calliphora vicina: mortemintervalestimates’ Forensic Sci- ence International 177, 162-167. post
• Bağrıaçık, N. (2007). ‘Entomotoksikoloji’ Tok- sikololoj Dergisi 5(3-4), 5-8.
• Bass, W.M. (1984). ‘Time interval since death. A difficult decision. In Human identifica- tion: Case studies in forensic anthropol- ogy.’ ed. Rathbun, T.A., and J.E. Buik- stra. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 136–147.
• Battal, D., Gülmen, M.K. ve Hilal, A. (2004). ‘Entomotoksikoloji ve Adli Tıpta Kul- lanımı’ Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Dergisi 20, 7-12.
• Bornemıssza, G.F. (1957). ‘An analysis of ar- thropod succession in carrion and the ef- fect of its decomposition on the soil fauna.’ Australian Journal of Zoology 5, 1–12.
• Bourel, B., Hedouın, V., Martin-Boyer, L., Re- vuelta, E., Deveaux, M. ve Gosset, D. (1996). ‘Effects of morphine on the devel- opment of Calliphora vicina larvae in pu- trefying tissues an experimental study.’ Proceedings of American Academy of Fo- rensic Sciences.
• Bourel, B., Hedouin, V., Martin-Bouyer, L., Be- cart, A., Tournel, G., Deveaux, M. ve Gosset, D. (1999). ‘Effects of morphine in decomposing bodies on the development of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphori- dae).’ Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, 354–358
• Byrd, J. ve Castner, J. (2010). ‘Forensic Ento- mology: The Utility of Arthropods in Le- gal Investigations, Second Edition.’ CRC Press, Boca Raton.
• Carvalho, L., Lınhares, A. and Trigo, J. (2001). ‘Determination of drug levels and the ef- fect of diazepam on the growth of necro- phagous flies of forensic importance in southeastern Brazil.’ Forensic Science In- ternational 120, 140–144.
• Clark, K., Evans, L. ve Wall, R. (2006). ‘Growth rates of the blowfly, Lucilla seri- cata, on different body tissues.’ Forensic Science International 156, 145-149.
• Donovan, S.E., Hall, M.J. .ve Moncrieff, C.B. (2001). ‘Larval growth rates of the blow fly, Calliphora vicina, over a range of temperatures.’ Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20, 106-114.
• Donnah, Day, M., Hons, B.Sc., ve James, F.W. (2006). ‘Inffuence of substrate tissue type on larval growth in Callophora augur and Lucilla cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).’ Journal Forensic Science 51, 657-663.
• Donovan, S., Hall, M., Turner, B. ve Moncrieff, C.B. (2006). ‘Larval growth rates of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina, over a range of temperatures.’ Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20, 106–114.
• Emsley, J. (2005). ‘Elements of Murderer: A History of A Poison.’ Oxford University Press, New York.
• Fedakar, R. (2003). ‘Entomotoksikoloji’ Adli Tıp Dergisi 17(1), 69-73.
• Galvan-Arzate Sonoa, Santamaria Abel. (1998). ‘Thallium toxicity.’ Toxicology Letters 99, 1–13.
• Goff, M.L., Brown, W.A., Hewaidikaram, K.A., ve Omorı, A.I. (1991). ‘Effects of heroin in decomposing tissues on the devolop- ment rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Dip- tera: Sarcophagidae) and implications of this effects on estions of post mortem ın- tervals using arthropod development pat- terns’ Journal Forensic Science 36, 537- 42.
• Goff, M.L. ve Flynn, M.M. (1991). ‘Determina- tion of postem interval by arthropod sucession: a case study from the Hawaii islands’ Journal Forensic Science 36, 607-614.
• Goff, M.L., Miller, M.L., Paulson, J.D., Lord, W.D., Richards, E. ve Omorı, A.I. (1997). ‘Effects of 3,4 methylendiokxymetham- phetamine in decomposing tissues on the devolopment rate of Parasargophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and detetion of the drug in post mortem blood,liver tissue, larvae and puparia’ Journal Forensic Science 42, 276-80.
• Goff, M.L., Godbrod, J.R. ve Omorı, A.I. (1989). ‘Effects of cocaine in tissues on the rate devolopment of Boettcherisca peregrina J.Med.Entomol 26, 91-93. Sarcophagidae)’.
• Grassberger, M. ve Reıter, C. (2001). ‘Effects of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) devolopment with special reference tıo the isomegalen-and isomor- phen-diagram.’ Forensic Science Interna- tional 120, 32-36.
• Greenberg, B. (1990). “Blow fly nocturnal ovi- position behavior.” J. Med. Entomol 27, 807–810
• Hancı, I.H., Açıkgöz, H.N., Tüzün, A., Candar, S. ve Balseven, A. (2002). Forensic En- tomology, Asayis Daire Baskanligi Yayin 9.
• Henssge, C., Madea, B., Knight, B., Nokes, L., and Krompecher, T. (1995). ‘An estima- tion of the time since death in the early postmortem interval.’ London, England: Arnold.
• Ireland, S. and Turner, B. (2006). ‘The effects of larval crowding and food type on the size and development of the blowfly, Cal- liphora vomitoria.’ Forensic Science In- ternational 159, 175–181.
• Kamal, A. (1958). ‘Comparative study of thir- teen species of sarcosaprophagus Cal- liphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera).’ I. Bionomics, Annals of the Entomologi- cal Society of America 51, 261–271.
• Keh, B. (1985). “Scope and applications of fo- rensic entomology.” Annu Rev Entomol 30, 137–154.
• Kharbouche, H., Augsburger, M., Cherix, D., Sporkert, F., Giroud, C., Wyss, C., Cham- pod, C. ve Mangin, P. (2008). ‘Codeine accumulation and elimination in larvae, pupae, and imago of the blowfly Lucilia sericata and effects on its development.’ 1 International Journal of Legal Medicine 122, 205–211.
• Micozzi, M. (1991). ‘Postmortem Change in Human and Animal Remains: a System- atic Approach.’ C.C. Thomas, Spring- field.
• Mullen, G. ve Durden, L. (2002). ‘Medical and Veterinary Entomology’ Academic Press (ISBN: 0-12-510451-0).
• Nuorteva, P. (1977). ‘Sarcosaprophagous in- sects as forensic indicators,in forensic Medicine: A study in Tramua and Envi- ronmental Vol.2,Tedeshi,G:C:;W:G:Eckert; L.G. Tedeshi,Eds., Philadelphia. Hazarts and
• Nuorteva, P. ve Nuorteva, S.L. (1982). ‘The fate of mercury in sarcosaprphagus flies and in insects eating them’ AMBI0 11, 34-37.
• O’brien, C. ve Turner, B. (2004). ‘Impact of paraetamol on Calliphora vicina larval development .’ Int J Legal Med 118, 188- 189.
• Oehmichen, M. Schulz-Schaeffer, W. Kretzsch- mar, H. Theuerkauf, I. Gerling, I. Windl, O. and Meissner, C. (2001). ‘Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD) in a case of sus- pected chronic heavy metal poisoning.’ Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3), 702- 711.
• Oliveira-Costa, J. (2003). “Entomologia forense: quando os insetos so vest_gios.” Campi- nas: Millenium.
• Ooik, T. Van, Rantala, M.J. ve Saloniemi, Irma (2007). ‘Diet-mediated effects of heavy metal pollution on growth and immune response inthe geometrid morth Epirrita autumnata.’ Environmental Pollution 145, 348-354.
• Peter John, A.L. and Viraraghavan, T. (2005). ‘Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns’ Environment In- ternational 31, 493– 501.
• Putman, R.J. (1983). ‘Carrion and dung: The decomposition of animal wastes. In Stud- ies in biology.’ London: Institute of Biol- ogy.
• Ramsland, K. (2008). ‘Forensic Toxicology.’ http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/crimi- nal_mind/forensics/toxicology/8.html.
• Rayms-Keller, A., Olson, K.E., Mcgaw, M., Oray, C., Carlson, J.O. and Beaty, B.J. (1998). ‘Effect of heavy metals on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae.’ Ecotoxicol. Environ 39, 41-47.
• Richairds, C., Paterson, I.D. ve Villet, M.H. (2007). ‘Estimating the age of immature Chryoma albiceps (Diptera: Calliphori- dae), correcting for tempature and geo- graphical lititude.’ Int J Legal Med 10.1007/s 00414-007-0201-7.
• Şabanoğlu, B. ve Sert, O., (2010). Determina- tion Of Calliphoridae (Diptera) Fauna And Seasonal Distribution On Carrion In Ankara Province, J Forensic Sci, July 2010, 55(4) doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.
• Sadler, D.W., Richardson, J., Haigh, S., Bruce, G. ve Pounder, D.J. (1997). ‘Amitripyline accululation and eliminaiton in Calliphora vicina larvae.’ The American Journal of Forensic Medical and Pathology 18(4), 397-403.
• Sadler, D.W., Fuke, C., Court, F. ve Pounder, D.J. (1995). ‘Drug accumulation and elimination in Calliphora vicina larvae.’ Forensic Science International 71, 191- 197.
• Sadlik, J.K. (1997). ‘Thallium Poisoning.’ XXXV TIAFT Annual Meeting-Poster Presentations Abstract 122.
• Özdemir, S. and Sert, O. (2009). “Determination of Coleoptera fauna on Carcasses in An- kara provience, Turkey”, Forensic Sci- ence International 183, 24-32.
• Schoenly, K. ve Reid, W. (1987). ‘Dynamics of heterotrophic succession in carrion ar- thropod assemblages: Discrete seres or a continuum of change?.’ Oecologia 73, 192–202.
• Schoenly, K., Goff, M.L. ve Early, M. (1992). ‘A BASIC algorithm for calculating the postmortem interval from arthropod suc- cessional data.’ J. Foren. Sci. 37, 808– 823.
• Schoenly, K., Goff, M.L., Wells, J.D. ve Lord, W.D. (1996). ‘Quantifying statistical un- 12 certainty in succession-based entomologi- cal estimates of the postmortem interval in death scene investigations: A simula- tion study.’ American Engomologist 42(2), 106–112.
• Singh, D. and Bharti, M. (2001). ‘Further ob- servations on the nocturnal oviposition behaviour of blowflies (Diptera: Cal- liphoridae).’ Forensic Sci Int 120, 124– 126.
• Smith, K.E. ve Wall, R. (1997). ‘The use of car- rion as breeding sites by the blow fly Lucilla sericata and Callipohora ‘Medikal and Veterinary Entomology.
• Smith, K.G.V. (1986). ‘A manual of forensic entomology.’ London British Museum and Cornell University Press.
• Tracqui, A., Keyser-Tracqui, C., Kintz, P. ve Ludes, B. (2004). ‘Entomotoxicology for the forensic toxicology: much ado about nothing?’ Int J Med 118, 194-196.
• Vanlaerhoven, S. ve Anderson, G. (1999). ‘In- sect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimatic zones of British Colum- bia.’ Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, 32– 43.
• Von Zuben, C.J., Bassanezi, R.C., Dos Reis, S.F., Godoy WAC, VON ZUBENFJ. (1996). ‘Theoretical approaches to foren- sic entomology: I. Mathematical model of postfeeding larval dispersal.’ J Appl Ent 120, 379–382.
• VON ZUBEN, C.J. (2001). ‘Zoologia aplicada: recentes avanÅos em estudos deento- mologia forense.’ Entomologia y Vectores 8(2), 173–183.
• Wardle, J. (1930). ‘Significant Variables in the Blowfly Environment’ 17 Ann. Appl. Biol. 554–574.