Geographical dimensions and spatial characteristics of Airbnb listings in Muğla

Abstract

This study examines the spatial characteristics of short-term accommodation on the Airbnb platform in Muğla province. Airbnb has recently been the subject of increased discussion in Turkey, followed by the introduction of new regulations on short-term rentals. In this context, it is important to uncover the geographical dimensions of the phenomenon. In this study, we conducted distribution, density, and clustering analyses at different spatial scales (province, district, and neighborhood) using the location information of over 30,000 Airbnb listings in Muğla. The findings show a rapid increase in Airbnb listings in Muğla, similar to many cities around the world. The districts with many second homes, Bodrum, Fethiye, and Marmaris, have a high concentration of Airbnb listings. Proximity to the sea plays an important role in the distribution of listings. The total bed capacity created by Airbnb listings in Muğla exceeds the bed capacity of official accommodation facilities. Airbnb listings are more widely distributed across the province than official accommodation facilities.

Keywords

• Short-term rentals
• Airbnb
• Spatial Analysis
• Cluster
• Muğla

Muğla’da Airbnb İlanlarının Coğrafi Boyutları ve Mekânsal Özellikleri

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli turizm merkezlerinden olan Muğla ilinde, Airbnb platformunda listelenen kısa süreli konut kiralamalarının mekânsal özelliklerine odaklanmaktadır. Airbnb ile ilgili, Türkiye’de son dönemlerde tartışmalar giderek artmış ve kısa süreli kiralamalara yeni bir yasal düzenleme getirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda olgunun coğrafi boyutlarının ortaya konulması önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada, Muğla’da toplam 30 binden fazla Airbnb ilanının konum bilgileri kullanılarak, farklı mekânsal ölçeklerde (il, ilçe ve mahalle) dağılış, yoğunluk ve kümelenme analizleri yapılmış ve haritalar üretilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, dünyada birçok şehirde olduğu gibi Muğla’da da Airbnb ilanlarının hızla arttığını ve ilanların Bodrum, Fethiye ve Marmaris gibi ikinci konut yapılaşmasının fazla olduğu ilçelerde yoğunlaştığını göstermiştir. Airbnb ilanlarının dağılışında denize yakınlık önemli bir belirleyicidir. Airbnb ilanlarının, anlamlı bir kümelenme eğilimi gösterdiği alanlar zamanla artmaktadır. Muğla’daki Airbnb ilanlarının yaratmış olduğu toplam yatak kapasitesi, işletme belgeli tesislerin yatak kapasitesini geçmiştir ve il genelinde Airbnb ilanları resmi konaklama tesislerine göre daha geniş bir alanda dağılış göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Kısa Süreli Konut Kiralamaları
• Airbnb
• Mekânsal Analiz
• Kümelenme
• Muğla

References

1. Adamiak, C. (2018). Mapping Airbnb supply in European cities, Annals of Tourism Research, 71, 67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.008
2. Adamiak, C. (2019). Current state and development of Airbnb accommodation offer in 167 countries, Current Issues in Tourism. doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1696758
3. Adamiak, C. (2020). Peer-to-peer accommodation in destinations life cycle: the case of Nordic countries, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 20(3), 212-226. doi:10.1080/15022250.2020.1775116
4. Adamiak, C., Szyda, B., Dubownik, A., García-Álvarez, D. (2019). Airbnb Offer in Spain-Spatial Analysis of the Pattern and Determinants of Its Distribution, International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(3), 155. doi: 10.3390/ijgi8030155
5. Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association-LISA. Geographical analysis, 27(2), 93-115. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
6. Airbnb. (2021). About Us, https://news.airbnb.com/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2022
7. Ayazlar, R. A. (2018). Paylaşım Ekonomisi ve Turizm Endüstrisine Yansımaları, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(3), 1186-1202. doi: 10.21547/jss.376826
8. Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595–1600. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.001

9. Boutsioukis, G., Fasianos A., Petrohilos-Andrianos, Y. (2019). The spatial distribution of short-term rental listings in Greece: a regional graphic, Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1), 455-459. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2019.1660210
10. Butler, R. (2004). Geographical research on tourism, Recreation and leisure: origins, eras and directions, Tourism Geographies, 6(2), 143-162. doi: 10.1080/1461668042000208453
11. Celata, F., Romano, A. (2020). Overtourism and online short-term rental platforms in Italian cities, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(5), 1020-1039. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1788568
12. Celata, F., Capineri, C., Romano, A. (2020). A room with a (re)view. Short-term rentals, digital reputation and the uneven spatiality of platform-mediated tourism, Geoforum, 112, 129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.04.007
13. Cocola-Gant, A., Gago, A. (2019). Airbnb, buy-to-let investment and tourism-driven displacement: A case study in Lisbon, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53(7), 1671-1688. doi:10.1177/0308518X19869012
14. Cockayne, D. G. (2016). Sharing and neoliberal discourse: The economic function of sharing in the digital ondemand economy. Geoforum, 77, 73–82. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.10.005
15. Curto, R. A., Rubino, I., Verderosa, A. (2022). Investigating Airbnb evolution in an urban tourism context: the application of mathematical modelling and spatial analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1666-1681. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1932767
16. Demir, E., Zoğal, V., Yelsiz, M.Ş., Emekli, G. (2023). Mapping the effects of COVID-19 on Airbnb: Evidence from European cities, Anatolia. doi:10.1080/13032917.2023.2254780
17. Doğru, T., Mody, M., Suess, C., Line, N., Bonn, M. (2020). Airbnb 2.0: is it a sharing economy platform or a lodging corporation? Tourism Management, 78, 104049. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104049
18. Domènech, A., Larpin, B., Schegg, R., Scaglione, M. (2019). Disentangling the geographical logic of Airbnb in Switzerland. Erdkunde, 73(4), 245–258. doi: 10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.01
19. Domènech, A., Zoğal, V. (2020). Geographical dimensions of Airbnb in mountain areas: the case of Andorra, Journal of Rural Studies, 79, 361-372. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.051
20. Dredge, D., Gyimóthy, S. (2016). Collaborative Economy and Tourism, Perspectives, Politics, Policies and Prospects, New York, Springer.
21. Eren, F. (2022). Platform Şehirciliği: Büyük Veriye, Derin Öğrenmeye ve Akıllı Algoritmalara Dayalı Yeni Dijital Mekânsal Planlama Yaklaşımı. Alkan Meşhur, H.F., Eren, F., Oncel, H. (Editörler) İzmir Kentsel Araştırmalar ve Tartışmalar içinde (21-32), Ankara: NOBEL Bilimsel.
22. Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Cazorla-Artiles, J. M., González-Martel, C. (2019). On the determinants of Airbnb location and its spatial distribution. Tourism Economics, 25(2). doi:10.1177/1354816618825415
23. Furukawa, N., Onuki, M. (2019). The design and effects of short-term rental regulation, Current Issues in Tourism, doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1638892
24. Gurran, N., Phibbs, P. (2017). When Tourists Move In: How Should Urban Planners Respond to Airbnb?, Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 80-92. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1249011
25. Gutiérrez, J., Garcia-Palomares, J. C., Romanillos, G., Salas-Olmedo, M. H. (2017). The eruption of Airbnb in tourist cities: Comparing spatial patterns of hotels and peer-to-peer accommodation in Barcelona. Tourism Management, 62, 278–291. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.05.003
26. Gutiérrez, A., Domènech, A. (2020). Understanding the spatiality of short-term rentals in Spain: Airbnb and the intensification of the commodification of housing, Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 62, 278-291.doi:10.1080/00167223.2020.1769492
27. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: Disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.827159
28. Guttentag, D., Smith, S. L. J. (2017). Assessing Airbnb as a disruptive innovation relative to hotels: Substitution and comparative performance expectations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 64, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.02.003
29. Ioannides, D., Röslmaier, M., van der Zee, E. (2019). Airbnb as an instigator of ‘tourism bubble’ expansion in Utrecht’s Lombok neighbourhood. Tourism Geographies, 21(5), 822-840. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2018.1454505
30. Jiao, J., Bai, S. (2020). An empirical analysis of Airbnb listings in forty American cities, Cities, 99, 102618 doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102618
31. Kervankıran, İ., Şardağ, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Turizm Coğrafyası Araştırmaları: Lisansüstü Tezlere Yönelik Bir İçerik Analizi. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39, 151-170. doi: 10.32003/iggei.490913
32. Ki, D., Lee, S. (2019). Spatial Distribution and Location Characteristics of Airbnb in Seoul, Korea, Sustainability 11, 4108. doi:10.3390/su11154108
33. Lagonigro, R., Martori, J.C., Apparicio, P. (2020). Understanding Airbnb spatial distribution in a southern European city: The case of Barcelona, Applied Geography, 115, 102136. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102136
34. Lee, S., Kim, H. (2023). Four shades of Airbnb and its impact on locals: A spatiotemporal analysis of Airbnb, rent, housing prices, and gentrification. Tourism Management Perspectives, 49, 101192. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101192
35. Morales-Pérez, S. Garay, L., Wilson, J. (2020). Airbnb’s contribution to socio-spatial inequalities and geographies of resistance in Barcelona, Tourism Geographies, doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1795712
36. Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, (2021). “Konaklama Tesisleri”, https://mugla.ktb.gov.tr/TR-271320/konaklama-tesisleri.html Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2022
37. Nieuwland, S., van Melik R. (2020). Regulating Airbnb: How cities deal with perceived negative externalities of short-term rentals. Current Issues in Tourism. 23(7), 811-825. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1504899
38. Özgüç, N. (2017). Turizm Coğrafyası Özellikler ve Bölgeler. Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul.
39. Quattrone, G., Greatorex, A., Quercia, D., Capra, L., Musolesi, M. (2018). Analyzing and predicting the spatial penetration of Airbnb in US cities. EPJ Data Science, 7(31), 1-24. doi: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0156-6
40. Resmî Gazete (2023). Konutların Turizm Amaçlı Kiralanmasına ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun, Sayı: 32357, Kanun No: 7464. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/11/20231102-16.htm
41. Richards, G. (2017). Sharing the New Localities of Tourism, Dredge, D. ve Gyimóthy, S. (Ed.) Collaborative Economy and Tourism, Perspectives, Politics, Policies and Prospects, içinde (169-184), New York, Springer.
42. Roelofsen, M. (2018). Exploring the Socio-Spatial Inequalities of Airbnb in Sofia, Bulgaria. Erdekunde, 72, 313–327. doi: 10.3112/erdkunde.2018.04.04
43. Smigiel, C. (2020). Why did it not work? Reflections on regulating Airbnb and the complexity and agency of platform capitalism. Geographica Helvetica, 75(3), 253–257. doi: 10.5194/gh-75-253-2020
44. Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
45. Tussyadiah, Iis P., Sigala, M. (2018). Shareable tourism: tourism marketing in the sharing economy, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2018.1410938
46. Uzgören, G. (2022). Airbnb ve Konutun Finansallaşması: Kısa Süreli Konaklama Platformlarını Türkiye’de Konut Sorunu Tartışmalarına Dâhil Etmek, VII. Kent Araştırmaları Kongresi, Bildiri Özeti Kitabı, 1238-1249.
47. Williams, S., Lew. A.A. (2015). Tourism Geography Critical understandings of place, space and experience, 3. Baskı, Routledge.
48. Wilson, J. (2012). The Outletçe Handbook of Tourism Geographies, Routledge.
49. Yeşilbağ, M. (2022). Dijital Platform Çağında Toplum, Ekonomi ve Siyaset. POSSEIBLE, 11(2), 186-209. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7493720
50. Xu, F.; Hu, M.; La, L.; Wang, J., Huang, C. (2020). The influence of neighbourhood environment on Airbnb: a geographically weighed regression analysis, Tourism Geographies, 22(1), 192-209. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2019.1586987