Zorunlu Göçmenler ve Entegrasyon: “Suriyelilerin Topluma Adapte Olabilmesi İçin Bu Ülkedeki Hukuki Statüsü Değiştirilmeli”

Abstract

İnsani krizin 2011’de patlak vermesiyle Suriye’den Türkiye’ye milyonlarca zorunlu göçmen sığınmıştır. Aradan geçen zamana rağmen Suriye’de politik belirsizlik halen sürmekte ve Suriyeliler için geri dönüş umudu gittikçe azalmaktadır. Geri gönderilmeleriyle ilgili toplumsal ve politik tartışmaların gölgesinde Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin entegrasyonu, uyumlaştırma adı altında sessizce işlemektedir. Bu çalışma, Hatay’daki Suriyeli zorunlu göçmenlerin perspektifinden entegrasyon sürecini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu araştırmada hermenötik bir anlayış ve etnografik bir desen ile nitel araştırma metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenle araştırma sahasında uzun süre kalınarak gözlemler ve 22 görüşme yapılarak veriler toplanmış ve bunlar, betimsel ve içeriksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları göstermektedir ki Suriyeli zorunlu göçmenler ev sahibi toplum dışladığı için entegrasyondan uzaklaşarak ayrılma/ayrışma ve dışlanma stratejisi benimsemekte ve onlar bütünleşmek için geçici korumadan daha daimi bir statüye geçişi istemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Hatay’daki Suriyelilerin kültürleşmesinin, konumlanmasının, etkileşiminin ve kimliklenmesinin yeteri kadar gelişmediği ve yeni bir mekâna/topluma entegre edecek pratiklerden ziyade, kendilerine koruma ve sosyal kabul sağlayacak uyumsal taktikler geliştirdiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

• Mülteci entegrasyonu
• Sosyal entegrasyon
• Kültürleşme stratejileri
• Suriyeliler
• Türkiye

Forced migrants and integration: “In order for Syrians to adapt to society, their legal status in this country must be changed”

Abstract

When the humanitarian crisis broke out in 2011, millions of forced migrants took refuge from Syria to Türkiye. Political uncertainty continues in Syria and the hope of return for Syrians is decreasing. However, under the shadow of social and political debates about their repatriation, the integration of Syrians in Turkey is silently operating under the guise of harmonization. This study aims to comprehend the intricacies of the integration process as perceived by Syrian forced migrants. In this research, qualitative research methodology with a hermeneutic understanding and ethnographic design was used. For this reason, data are collected by making observations and 22 interviews during a long stay in the Hatay province, and these collected data are scrutinized by a combination of descriptive and content analysis. The findings of the study suggest that Syrian forced migrants, grappling with exclusion from the host society, tend to move away from integration, adopting a strategy of separation/segregation and exclusion. Moreover, Syrian forced migrants aspire to transition from a temporary protection status to a more permanent one, which underscores their desire for a more substantial integration. In this study, it is concluded that key elements such as cultural adaptation, positioning, interaction, and identification among Syrians in Hatay are not sufficiently developed. It is also concluded that Syrian migrants, rather than adopting practices conducive to integration, have majorly depended on adaptive tactics aimed at providing protection and social acceptance in their new space and society.

Keywords

• Refugee integration
• Social integration
• Acculturation strategies
• Syrians
• Türkiye

References

1. Abbasoğlu Özgören, A., Arslan, H. (2021). Syrians in Labour: A Matter of Integration Through Informality. Alanur Çavlin (Ed.), In Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Demographic Profile and Linked Social Challenges (123-140). London and New York: Routledge.
2. Ager A., Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration: Final Report. London: Home Office, Report No: 28.
3. Ager, A., Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. doi: 10.1093/jrs/fen016
4. Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging: An analytical framework. Geography Compass, 4(6), 644-659. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x.
5. Berry, J.W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
6. Berry, J.W. (1980). Acculturation as Varieties of Adaptation. A. Padilla (Ed.), In Acculturation: Theory, Models and Findings, (9-25). Boulder: Westview.
7. Berry, J.W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697-712. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
8. Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303-332. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x

9. Bloch, A. (2007). Refugees in the UK labour market: The conflict between economic integration and policy-led labour market restriction. Journal of Social Policy, 37, 21-36. doi: 10.1017/S004727940700147X
10. Bloch, A., McKay, S. (2015). Employment, social networks and undocumented migrants: The employer perspective. Sociology, 49(1), 38-55. doi: 10.1177/0038038514532039
11. Castles, S. (2010). Understanding global migration: A social transformation perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1565-1586. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381
12. Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the Field. London: Home Office Online Report 29/03.
13. Cengiz, D. (2020). Antakya’daki Suriyeli Mültecilerin Mekânsal Toplanması/Ayrışması: Örüntüler, Süreçler ve Sonuçlar. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp (Tez No: 626274) adresinden edinilmiştir.
14. Cengiz, D., Özgür, E.M. (2021). Suriyeli mültecilerin Antakya’daki mekânsal ayrışma örüntüsünün haritalanması. Göç Dergisi, 8(2), 347-364. doi: 10.33182/gd.v8i2.789
15. Cheung, S.Y., Phillimore, J. (2014). Refugees, social capital and labour market integration in the UK. Sociology, 48(3), 518-536. doi: 10.1177/0038038513491467
16. Crisp, J. (2023). Local integration, local settlement and local solutions: disentangling the conceptual confusion. Forced Migration Review, 71, 12-14. 30.10.2023 tarihinde https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/issue71/crisp.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
17. Da Lomba, S. (2010). Legal status and refugee integration: A UK perspective. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 415-436. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq039
18. Danzer, A. M., Ulku, H. (2011). Integration, social networks and economic success of immigrants: A case study of the Turkish community in Berlin. Kyklos, 64, 342-365. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.2011.00510.x
19. De Certeau, M. (2008). Gündelik Hayatın Keşfi-1. Lale Arslan Özcan (Çev.). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
20. De Paola, M., Brunello, G. (2016). Education as a tool for the economic integration of migrants. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9836. 10.09.2023 tarihinde https://docs.iza.org/dp9836.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
21. Erdoğan, M.M. (2022). Suriyeliler Barometresi-2021: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
22. Esser, H. (2001). Integration und Ethnische Schichtung [Integration and Ethnic Stratification]. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung [Mannheim Centre for European Social Research].
23. Esser, H. (2002). Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 2: Die Konstruktion der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt./New York: Campus-Verlag.
24. Esser, H. (2009). Pluralisierung oder Assimilation? Effekte der multiplen Inklusion auf die Integration von Migranten [Pluralization or Assimilation? Effects of Multiple Inclusion on the Integration of Immigrants]. Zeitschrift für Soziologie [Journal for Sociology], 38(5), 358-378. doi: 10.1515/zfsoz-2009-0502
25. Hülür, A.B., Ekinci, Y., Deniz, A.Ç. (2021). Surviving through tactics: The everyday life of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Poligrafi, 26(101/102), 93-124. doi: 10.35469/poligrafi.2021.284.
26. Karcı Korfalı, D., Şenol Sert, D. (2019). Debating the dual citizenship: Integration nexus in Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16(64), 93-106. doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.652960
27. Kaya, İ. (2006). Avrupalı Türkler: Misafir işçilikten Avrupa vatandaşlığına. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 19, 149-166.
28. Korac, M. (2003). Integration and how we facilitate it: A comparative study of settlement experiences of refugees in Italy and the Netherlands. Sociology, 37(1), 51-68. doi: 10.1177/0038038503037001387
29. Koser-Akcapar, S., Simsek, D. (2018). The politics of Syrian refugees in Turkey: A question of inclusion and exclusion through citizenship. Social Inclusion, 6(1), 176-187. doi: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1323
30. Koyuncu, A. (2018). Misafirlikten vatandaşlığa: Türkiye’de geçici koruma altındaki Suriyeliler. Middle East Journal Of Refugee Studies, 3(2), 171-195. doi: 10.12738/mejrs.2018.3.2.0009
31. Lewis, H. (2010). Community moments: Integration and transnationalism at ‘‘refugee’’ parties and events. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 571-588. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq037
32. Lockwood, D. (1964). Social Integration and System Integration. George K. Zollschan and Walter Hirsch (Eds), In Explorations in Social Change, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
33. Mouzelis, N. (2008). Social and system integration: Lockwood, Habermas and Giddens. In Modern and Postmodern Social Theorizing: Bridging the Divide (97-106). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Özgür, E.M. (2020). Göç, ikametgâh ayrışması ve entegrasyon: Türk kentleri için bir değerlendirme. Coğrafya Dergisi, 41, 221-240. doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2020-0032
35. Öztaş, F., Işık, Ö.F. (2022). Gaziantep’te Suriyeliler: Din, kimlik, entegrasyon. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 9(2), 627- 659. doi: 10.17859/pauifd.1169008
36. Phillimore, J., Goodson, L. (2006). Problem or opportunity? Asylum seekers, refugees, employment and social exclusion in deprived urban areas. Urban Studies, 43(10), 1715-1736. doi: 10.1080/00420980600838606
37. Rottmann, S. B. (2020). Integration: Policies, Practices and Experiences: Turkey Country Report. RESPOND - Multilevel Governance of Mass Migration in Europe and Beyond Project (#770564, Horizon2020) Working Paper Series, 2020/50. 01.01.2024 tarihinde https://www.respondmigration.com/ adresinden alındı.
38. Simonsen, K. (2018). What it means to (not) belong: A case study of how boundary perceptions affect second-generation immigrants’ attachments to the nation. Sociological Forum, 33(1), 118-138. doi: 10.1111/socf.12402
39. Skey, M. (2013). Why do nations matter? The struggle for belonging and security in an uncertain world. The British Journal of Sociology, 64(1), 81-98. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12007
40. Smyth, G., Stewart, E., Da Lomba, S. (2010). Introduction: Critical reflections on refugee integration: Lessons from international perspectives. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 411-414. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq043
41. Şahin, Ş., Sönmez, M.E. (2022). Suriyeli sığınmacıların entegrasyon eğilimleri: Gaziantep şehri örneği. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Ayıntab Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 1-13.
42. Şimşek, D. (2019). Türkiye’de Suriyeli mülteci entegrasyonu: Zorlukları ve olanakları. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 172-187. doi: 10.30784/epfad.596262
43. Şimşek, D. (2020). Integration processes of Syrian refugees in Turkey: ‘Class-based integration’. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(3), 537-554. doi: 10.1093/jrs/fey057
44. Tomlinson, F., Egan, S. (2002). From marginalization to (dis)empowerment: Organizing training and employment services for refugees. Human Relations, 55(8), 1019-1043. doi: 10.1177/001872670205500818
45. Tümtaş, M.S. (2018). Toplumsal dışlanmadan vatandaşlık tartışmalarına Suriyeli kent mültecileri. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 37, 26-47. doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.420796
46. UNESCO (2019). Enforcing the right to education of refugees: A policy perspective. Working Papers on Education Policy No.8. 12.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.gcedclearinghouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/190208eng.pdf adresinden alındı.
47. UNHCR (2014). The Integration of Refugees: A Discussion Paper. United Nations, High Commissioner for Refugees-UNHCR, 30.10.2023 tarihinde https://www.unhcr.org/cy/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2018/02/integration_discussion_paper_July_2014_EN.pdf adresinden alındı.
48. Unutulmaz, K.O. (2017). Integration of Syrians: politics of integration in Turkey in the face of a closing window of opportunity. D. Eroğlu-Utku, K.O. Unutulmaz, İ. Sirkeci (Eds.), In Turkey’s Syrians: Today and Tomorrow (213–236). Londra: Transnational Press.
49. Unutulmaz, K.O. (2022). Suriyelilerin uyumunda bugün ve yarın: Toplumsal algıların dönüşümü ve yönetimi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21, 1-23. doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1100192
50. Vah, M., Luksic-Hacin, M. (2008). Contemporary implications of multiculturalism policies for European welfare states. Two Homelands, 28, 7-21.
51. Valenta, M., Bunar, N. (2010). State assisted integration: Refugee integration policies in Scandinavian welfare states: The Swedish and Norwegian experience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 463-483. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq028
52. Vrecer, N. (2010). Living in limbo: Integration of forced migrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Slovenia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 484-502. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq042
53. Williams, L. (2006). Social networks of refugees in the United Kingdom: Tradition, tactics and new community spaces. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32(5), 865-879. doi: 10.1080/13691830600704446