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Küresel Bir Süreç Olarak Demografik Dönüşüm: Mekânsal Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2011, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 11 - 28, 01.04.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000115

Abstract

Geçtiğimiz yüzyılda doğurganlık hızlarında meydana gelen esaslı düşüşler, demografik dönüşümün küresel bir süreç olarak işlediğini anlamamıza imkân tanımaktadır. Avrupa’nın tarihsel deneyimi ışığında Demografik Dönüşüm Teorisi, dünya genelinde doğurganlık ve ölümlükte meydana gelen değişimleri açıklamada önemli bir yardımcı durumundadır. Ölümlülükteki azalmalar doğurganlıktaki azalmalara ve demografik dönüşüme öncülük eden ilk önemi demografik değişimlerdir. Ancak gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş bölgelerin karakteristikleri, ölüm hızındaki öncelikli azalmalara cevaben gelişen doğurganlık hızındaki azalmalarda zamansal olarak önemli farklılıkların bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Büyük ölçüde Birleşmiş Milletler Nüfus Şubesi (United Nations Population Division) Veri Bankası’nın 2008 yılı güncellenmiş nüfus verilerine göre hazırlanan bu çalışma, doğurganlık geçişindeki bölgeleşmeleri ve demografik dönüşümün dünya genelindeki mekânsal mekanizmalarını sorgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kaba doğum hızları, kaba ölüm hızları ve doğal nüfus artış hızlarına göre ele alınan demografik dönüşüm, kıtalar ve ülkeler düzeyinde incelenmiştir

References

  • Allman, J. (1980) “The demographic transition in the Middle East end North Africa”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12, 277-301.
  • Basu, A.M. (2002) “Why does education lead to lower fertility? A critical review of some of the possibilities”, World Development, 30, 1779-1790.
  • Başar, E. (2010) Demografiye Giriş, Özbaran Ofset matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Batini, N.; Callen, T.; McKibbin, W. (2006) “The global impact of demographic change”, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Working paper, No: WP/06/9.
  • Bloom, D.E.; Canning, D.; Sevilla, J. (2003) The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
  • Bongaarts, J.; Watkins, S.C. (1996) “Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions”, Population and Development Review, 22, 639-682.
  • Bryant, J. (2007) “Theories of fertility decline and the evidence from development indicators”, Population and Development Review, 33, 101-127.
  • Caldwell, J.C. (2001) “The globalization of fertility behaviour”, Population and Development Review, 27, 93-115.
  • Caldwell, J.C. (2006) Demographic Transition Theory, Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Caldwell, J.C.; Caldwell, P. (2001) “Regional paths to fertility transition”, Journal of Population Research, 18, 91-117.
  • Casterline, J.B. (2001) “The pace of fertility transition: National patterns in the second half of the twentieth century” İçinde Global Fertility Transition, Bulatao, R.A., Casterline, J.B. (eds.), Population and Development Review, supplement to vol.27, Population Council, New York, 17-52.
  • Coale, A.J.; Watkins, S.C. (1986) The Decline of Fertility in Europe, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Davis, K. (1945) “The world demographic transition”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 237, 1-11.
  • Davis, K. (1963) “The theory of change and response in modern demographic history”, Population Index, 29: 345-366.
  • Diamond, I.; Newby, M.; Varle, S. (1999) “Female education and fertility: examining the links”, İçinde Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World, Bledsoe, C.H., Casterline, J.B., Johnson-Kuhn J.A., Haaga, J.G. (eds.), National Academy Press, Washington DC, 23-48.
  • Erdönmez, P.A. (2007) “Küresel demografik değişim süreci ve finansal sektör üzerindeki etkileri”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 62, 59-70.
  • Guinnane, T.W.; Okun, B.S.; Trussell, J. (1994) “What do we know about the timing of fertility transitions in Europe?”, Demography, 31, 1-20.
  • Hancıoğlu, A. (2001) Demografi: Nüfus Artışı, Doğurganlık ve Ölümlülük, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Yayın No. NEE-HÜ.01.03, Ankara.
  • Hirschman, C. (2001) “Comment: Globalization and theories of fertility decline”, İçinde Global Fertility Transition, Bulatao, R.A., Casterline, J.B. (eds.), Population and Development Review, supplement to vol.27, Population Council, New York, 116-125.
  • HÜNEE (Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü), (2010), Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü, HÜNEE, Ankara.
  • Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1995) Women’s Education, Autonomy and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Kirk, D. (1945) “Population trends in postwar Europe”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 237, 45-46.
  • Landry, A. (1934) La Révolution Démographique, Etudes et essais sur les problèmes de la population, Sirey, Paris (yeniden basım: Landry, A. (1987) “The demographic revolution”, Population and Development Review, 13, 731-740).
  • Lee, R.D.; Reher, D.S. (2011) “Introduction: The landscape of demographic transition and its aftermath”, Population and Development Review, 37 (Supplement), 1-7.
  • Lestheaghe, R. (1983) “A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An explanation of underlying dimensions”, Population and Development Review, 9, 411-435.
  • Livi Bacci, M. (1998) La Popolazione Nella Storia d’Europe. Guis. Laterza&Figli, Rome.
  • Marshall, G. (2003) Sosyoloji Sözlüğü, Çevirenler: Osman Akınhay ve Derya Kömürcü, Ertem Matbaası, Ankara.
  • Mason, K.O. (1997) “Explaining fertility transitions”, Demography, 34, 443-454.
  • Meir, A. (1986) “Demographic transition theory: A neglected aspect of the Nomadism-Sedentarism continuum”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 11: 199-211.
  • Newson, L.; Postmes, T.; Lea, S.E.G.; Webley, P. (2005) “Why are modern families small? Toward and evolutionary and cultural explanation for the demographic transition, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 360-375.
  • Newson, L.; Richerson, P.J. (2009) “Why do people become modern? A Darwinian explanation”, Population and Development Review, 35, 117-158.
  • NGS (National Geographic Society), (2010) Aile Kılavuz Atlası: Dünya, Çev.: Taş, R., Erişen, B., Ayten, Ö., Balaban, G. ve Adalı, B., Acar Basım, İstanbul.
  • Notestein, F.W. (1953) “Economic problems of population change”, İçinde Proceeding of the Eighth International Conference of Agricultural Economist, Oxford University Press, New York, 13-31.
  • Notestein, F. (1945) “Population: The long view”, İçinde: Schultz, T. (ed.), Food for the World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 36-57.
  • Peters, G.L.; Larkin, R.P. (2005) Population Geography: Problems, Concepts, and Prospects, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, USA.
  • Reher, D.S. (2004) “The demographic transition revisited as a global process”, Population, Space and Place, 10, 19-41.
  • Reher, D.S.; Sanz-Gimeno, A. (2007) “Rethinking historical reproductive change: Insights from longitudinal data for a Spanish town”, Population and Development Review, 33, 703-727.
  • Rowland, D.T. (2006) Demographic Methods and Concepts, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Tandoğan, A. (1998) Demografik Temel Kavramlar ve Türkiye Nüfusu, Eser Ofset, Trabzon.
  • Thompson, W. (1929) “Population”, American Journal of Sociology, 34, 959-975.
  • TÜSİAD (Türk Sanayicileri ve İş Adamları Derneği), (1999) Türkiye’nin Fırsat Penceresi Demografik Dönüşüm ve İzdüşümleri, Koordinatör: Behar, C., Yazarlar: Behar, C., Işık, O., Güvenç, M., Erder, S. ve Ercan, H., Lebib Yalkın Yayıncılık ve Basım İşl.A.Ş., İstanbul.
  • UNPD (United Nations Population Division) (2010) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Database (http://esa.un.org/unpp, 10 Haziran 2010).
  • UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division) (2010) Demographic Yearbook (DYB) (http://unstats.un.org, 05 Haziran 2010).
  • Üner, S. (1972) Nüfusbilim Sözlüğü, Mars Ticaret ve Sanayi Anonim Şirketi, Hacettepe ÜniversitesiYayınları D-17, Ankara.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1987) “The fertility transition: Europe and the Third World compared”, Sociological Forum, 2, 645-673.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1990) “From local to national communities: The transformation of demographic regimes in Western Europe, 1870-1960, Population and Development Review, 16, 241-272.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1991) From Provinces into Nations: Demographic Integration in Western Europe, 1870-1960, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Weeks, J.R. (1992) Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, 5. baskı, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont.
  • Weeks, J.R. (2002) Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, 8. baskı, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning Press, Belmont.
  • Weinstein, J.; Pillai, V.K. (2001) Demography: The Science of Population, Allyn and Bacon Press, Boston.
  • Yaukey, D.; Anderton, D.L.; Lundquist, J.H. (2007) Demography: The Study of Human Population, Waveland Press, Illinois.
  • Yüceşahin, M.M. (2009) “Türkiye’nin demografik geçiş sürecine coğrafi bir yaklaşım”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-25.
  • Yüksel, Y. (2007) Türkiye’de Demografik Geçiş Süreci ve Sosyal Politikalar, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No: 2732, Ankara.

Demographic transition as a global process: A spatial assessment

Year 2011, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 11 - 28, 01.04.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000115

Abstract

Decisive declines in fertility levels over the last century enable us to understand demographic transition as a global process, while demographic transition theory helps us to explain worldwide fertility and mortality change in light of Europe's historical experience. Declines in mortality are an early driving force in declines in fertility and/or overall demographic transition. However, significant differences can be seen in the timing of responses to this mortality decline and between earlier and later transitions in the characteristics of developing and undeveloped regions. This study, based largely on revised 2008 United Nations population data, seeks to explore the patterns of regionalisation of fertility transitions within specific countries, with reference to Turkey, as well as the spatial mechanisms of demographic transition worldwide. The basic profiles of demographic transition within both countries and continents are explored in terms of crude birth rates, crude death rates, and natural growth rates

References

  • Allman, J. (1980) “The demographic transition in the Middle East end North Africa”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12, 277-301.
  • Basu, A.M. (2002) “Why does education lead to lower fertility? A critical review of some of the possibilities”, World Development, 30, 1779-1790.
  • Başar, E. (2010) Demografiye Giriş, Özbaran Ofset matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Batini, N.; Callen, T.; McKibbin, W. (2006) “The global impact of demographic change”, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Working paper, No: WP/06/9.
  • Bloom, D.E.; Canning, D.; Sevilla, J. (2003) The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
  • Bongaarts, J.; Watkins, S.C. (1996) “Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions”, Population and Development Review, 22, 639-682.
  • Bryant, J. (2007) “Theories of fertility decline and the evidence from development indicators”, Population and Development Review, 33, 101-127.
  • Caldwell, J.C. (2001) “The globalization of fertility behaviour”, Population and Development Review, 27, 93-115.
  • Caldwell, J.C. (2006) Demographic Transition Theory, Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Caldwell, J.C.; Caldwell, P. (2001) “Regional paths to fertility transition”, Journal of Population Research, 18, 91-117.
  • Casterline, J.B. (2001) “The pace of fertility transition: National patterns in the second half of the twentieth century” İçinde Global Fertility Transition, Bulatao, R.A., Casterline, J.B. (eds.), Population and Development Review, supplement to vol.27, Population Council, New York, 17-52.
  • Coale, A.J.; Watkins, S.C. (1986) The Decline of Fertility in Europe, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Davis, K. (1945) “The world demographic transition”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 237, 1-11.
  • Davis, K. (1963) “The theory of change and response in modern demographic history”, Population Index, 29: 345-366.
  • Diamond, I.; Newby, M.; Varle, S. (1999) “Female education and fertility: examining the links”, İçinde Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World, Bledsoe, C.H., Casterline, J.B., Johnson-Kuhn J.A., Haaga, J.G. (eds.), National Academy Press, Washington DC, 23-48.
  • Erdönmez, P.A. (2007) “Küresel demografik değişim süreci ve finansal sektör üzerindeki etkileri”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 62, 59-70.
  • Guinnane, T.W.; Okun, B.S.; Trussell, J. (1994) “What do we know about the timing of fertility transitions in Europe?”, Demography, 31, 1-20.
  • Hancıoğlu, A. (2001) Demografi: Nüfus Artışı, Doğurganlık ve Ölümlülük, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Yayın No. NEE-HÜ.01.03, Ankara.
  • Hirschman, C. (2001) “Comment: Globalization and theories of fertility decline”, İçinde Global Fertility Transition, Bulatao, R.A., Casterline, J.B. (eds.), Population and Development Review, supplement to vol.27, Population Council, New York, 116-125.
  • HÜNEE (Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü), (2010), Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü, HÜNEE, Ankara.
  • Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1995) Women’s Education, Autonomy and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Kirk, D. (1945) “Population trends in postwar Europe”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 237, 45-46.
  • Landry, A. (1934) La Révolution Démographique, Etudes et essais sur les problèmes de la population, Sirey, Paris (yeniden basım: Landry, A. (1987) “The demographic revolution”, Population and Development Review, 13, 731-740).
  • Lee, R.D.; Reher, D.S. (2011) “Introduction: The landscape of demographic transition and its aftermath”, Population and Development Review, 37 (Supplement), 1-7.
  • Lestheaghe, R. (1983) “A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An explanation of underlying dimensions”, Population and Development Review, 9, 411-435.
  • Livi Bacci, M. (1998) La Popolazione Nella Storia d’Europe. Guis. Laterza&Figli, Rome.
  • Marshall, G. (2003) Sosyoloji Sözlüğü, Çevirenler: Osman Akınhay ve Derya Kömürcü, Ertem Matbaası, Ankara.
  • Mason, K.O. (1997) “Explaining fertility transitions”, Demography, 34, 443-454.
  • Meir, A. (1986) “Demographic transition theory: A neglected aspect of the Nomadism-Sedentarism continuum”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 11: 199-211.
  • Newson, L.; Postmes, T.; Lea, S.E.G.; Webley, P. (2005) “Why are modern families small? Toward and evolutionary and cultural explanation for the demographic transition, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 360-375.
  • Newson, L.; Richerson, P.J. (2009) “Why do people become modern? A Darwinian explanation”, Population and Development Review, 35, 117-158.
  • NGS (National Geographic Society), (2010) Aile Kılavuz Atlası: Dünya, Çev.: Taş, R., Erişen, B., Ayten, Ö., Balaban, G. ve Adalı, B., Acar Basım, İstanbul.
  • Notestein, F.W. (1953) “Economic problems of population change”, İçinde Proceeding of the Eighth International Conference of Agricultural Economist, Oxford University Press, New York, 13-31.
  • Notestein, F. (1945) “Population: The long view”, İçinde: Schultz, T. (ed.), Food for the World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 36-57.
  • Peters, G.L.; Larkin, R.P. (2005) Population Geography: Problems, Concepts, and Prospects, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, USA.
  • Reher, D.S. (2004) “The demographic transition revisited as a global process”, Population, Space and Place, 10, 19-41.
  • Reher, D.S.; Sanz-Gimeno, A. (2007) “Rethinking historical reproductive change: Insights from longitudinal data for a Spanish town”, Population and Development Review, 33, 703-727.
  • Rowland, D.T. (2006) Demographic Methods and Concepts, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Tandoğan, A. (1998) Demografik Temel Kavramlar ve Türkiye Nüfusu, Eser Ofset, Trabzon.
  • Thompson, W. (1929) “Population”, American Journal of Sociology, 34, 959-975.
  • TÜSİAD (Türk Sanayicileri ve İş Adamları Derneği), (1999) Türkiye’nin Fırsat Penceresi Demografik Dönüşüm ve İzdüşümleri, Koordinatör: Behar, C., Yazarlar: Behar, C., Işık, O., Güvenç, M., Erder, S. ve Ercan, H., Lebib Yalkın Yayıncılık ve Basım İşl.A.Ş., İstanbul.
  • UNPD (United Nations Population Division) (2010) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Database (http://esa.un.org/unpp, 10 Haziran 2010).
  • UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division) (2010) Demographic Yearbook (DYB) (http://unstats.un.org, 05 Haziran 2010).
  • Üner, S. (1972) Nüfusbilim Sözlüğü, Mars Ticaret ve Sanayi Anonim Şirketi, Hacettepe ÜniversitesiYayınları D-17, Ankara.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1987) “The fertility transition: Europe and the Third World compared”, Sociological Forum, 2, 645-673.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1990) “From local to national communities: The transformation of demographic regimes in Western Europe, 1870-1960, Population and Development Review, 16, 241-272.
  • Watkins, S.C. (1991) From Provinces into Nations: Demographic Integration in Western Europe, 1870-1960, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Weeks, J.R. (1992) Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, 5. baskı, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont.
  • Weeks, J.R. (2002) Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, 8. baskı, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning Press, Belmont.
  • Weinstein, J.; Pillai, V.K. (2001) Demography: The Science of Population, Allyn and Bacon Press, Boston.
  • Yaukey, D.; Anderton, D.L.; Lundquist, J.H. (2007) Demography: The Study of Human Population, Waveland Press, Illinois.
  • Yüceşahin, M.M. (2009) “Türkiye’nin demografik geçiş sürecine coğrafi bir yaklaşım”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-25.
  • Yüksel, Y. (2007) Türkiye’de Demografik Geçiş Süreci ve Sosyal Politikalar, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No: 2732, Ankara.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA87GV47BK
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

M. Murat Yüceşahin

Publication Date April 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yüceşahin, M. M. (2011). Küresel Bir Süreç Olarak Demografik Dönüşüm: Mekânsal Bir Değerlendirme. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000115

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