Paleoclimate of Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey and The Importance of Glacial Lakes and Their Sediment Record

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 8 - 13, 27.12.2019

Ceran Şekeryapan

Öz

To be able to make sustainable management plans we
should know previous conditions of any region. Natural archives and their
preserved proxies are used to track past environmental and climatic changes in
time scales longer than instrumental records. Most of the natural archives that
have been used to reveal the past are coming from the central, south central
and northwestern Anatolia. However, glacial lakes and their sediment in the
northeastern part of Turkey are untapped source of information. Here, I will
discuss existing knowledge from different natural archives in Anatolia, and in
southern Black Sea coast since the Late Glacial and possible future research
questions in northeastern part of Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Glacial lakes, paleoclimate, paleolimnology, black sea

Kaynakça

• Aygen, C., Ozdemir, D., Ustaoglu, M.R. 2012. Discovering the Hidden Biodiversity of Crustacea (Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda, and Ostracoda) Assemblages in the High Mountain Lakes of Kackar Mountains (Turkey). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11, 67-73.
• Bar-Mathews, M., Ayalon, A., Kaufman, A. 2000. Timing and hydrological conditions of Sapropel events in the Eastern Mediterranean, as evident from speleothems, Soreq cave, Israel. Chemical Geology, 169, 145–156.
• Bartov, Y., Mordechai, S., Yehouda, E., Amotz, A.,Ze’ev, R. 2002. Lake levels and sequence stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the Late Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Quaternary Research, 57(1): 9–21.
• Bar-Yosef, O. 2011. Fluctuations and Early Farming in West and East Asia. Current Anthropology, 52/S4, S175-S193.
• Battarbee, R.W. 1994. Diatoms, lake acidification and the Surface Water Acidification Programme (SWAP): a review. Hydrobiologia, 274, 1-7.
• Beniston, M., 2003. Climatic change in mountain regions. A review of possible impacts. pp. 5–31. In: Diaz, H. (Ed.), Climate Variability and Change in High Elevation Regions: Past, Present & Future. Springer, New York.
• Bennion, H. 1994. A diatom-phosphorous transfer function for shallow, eutrophic ponds in southeast England. Hydrobiologia, 275/276, 391-410.
• Berndt, C., Frenzel, P., Çiner, A., Ertunç, G., Yıldırım, C. 2019. Holocene marginal marine ostracod successions from the Kızılırmak River delta; Implications for depositional environments and sea-level changes at the Southern Black Sea coast. Sedimentary Geology, 382, 103–121.
• Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G. 1997. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates. Science, 278, 1257-1266.
• Bottema, S., Woldring, H. 1984. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Southwest Turkey II. Palaeohistoria, 26, 123-149.
• Bottema, S. 1995. Ancient Palynology. In Science in Archeology: A Review. American Journal of Archaeology, 99/1, 79-142.
• Bradley, R. S. 1985. Quaternary Paleoclimatology. Methods of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction. Allen & Unwin., USA, UK, Australia.
• Catalan, J., Pla-Rabes, S., Wolfe, A.P., Smol, J.P., Rühland, K.M., Anderson, N.J., Kopacek, J., Stuchlık, E., Schmidt, R., Koinig, K.A., Camarero, L., Flower, R.J., Heiri, O., Kamenik, C., Korhola, A., Leavitt, P.R., Psenner, R., Renberg, I. 2013. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review. Journal of Paleolimnology, 49:513–535.
• Charles, D. F., Smol, J.P. 1990. The PIRLA II project: Regional assessment of lake acidification trends. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen, 24, 474-480.
• Corlett, R.T. 2015. The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30/1, 36-41.
• Çiner, A. 2004. Turkish glaciers and glacial deposits. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, Vol. 2, Part 1, 419-429.
• Dean, J.R., Jones, M.D., Leng, M.J., Noble, S.R., Metcalfe, S.E., Sloane, H.J., Sahy, D., Eastwood, W.J., Roberts, N.C. 2015. Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar Lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 124, 162–174.
• deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Sarnthein, M. 2000. Coherent High- and Low-Latitude Climate Variability During the Holocene Warm Period. Science, 288, 2198-2202.
• Eastwood, W.J., Roberts, N., Lamb, H.F., Tibby, J.C. 1999. Holocene environmental change in southwest Turkey: a palaeoecological record of lake and catchment-related changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18, 671-695.
• Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R.L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk, O.M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible,C.C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., Tüysüz, O. 2009. Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L19707, doi:10.1029/2009GL040050.
• Flohr, P., Fleitmann, D., Matthews, R., Matthews, W., Black, S. 2016. Evidence of resilience to past climate change in Southwest Asia: Early farming communities and the 9.2 and 8.2 ka events. Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 23-39.
• Frenzel, P.; Boomer, I. 2005. The use of ostracods from marginal marine, brackish waters as bioindicators of modern and Quaternary environmental change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 225, 68-92.
• Fritz S.C., Juggins, S., Batterbee, R.W., Engstrom, D.R. 1991. Reconstruction of past changes in salinity and climate using a diatom-based transfer function. Nature, 352(6337), 706-708.
• Göktürk, O.M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Leuenberger, M., Fankhauser, A., Tüysüz, O., Kramers, J. 2011. Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 2433-2445.
• Hodder, I. 2010. A decorated house found at Çatalhöyük. 2010 Season Review. Çatalhöyük 2010 Archive Report.
• Hodgson, D. A., Smol, J.P. 2008. High latitude paleolimnology. pp. 43-64. In: Vincent, W.F., Laybourn-Parry, J. (Eds.), Polar Lakes and Rivers - Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
• Ivanova, E.V., Marret, F., Zenina, M.A., Murdmaa, I.O., Chepalyga, A.L., Bradley, L.R., Schornikov, E.I., Levchenko, O.V., Zyryanova, M.I. 2015. The Holocene Black Sea reconnection to the Mediterranean Sea: New insights from the northeastern Caucasian shelf. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 427, 41–61.
• Jones, M.D., Roberts, C.N., Leng, M.J., Türkeş, M. 2006. A high-resolution late Holocene lake isotope record from Turkey and links to North Atlantic and monsoon climate. Geology, 34, 361-364.
• Korhola, A. 1999. Distribution patterns of Cladocera in subarctic Fennoscandian lakes and their potential in environmental reconstruction. Ecography, 22, 357-373.
• Leng, M.J., Marshall, J.D. 2004. Paleoclimate interpretation of stable isotope data from lake sediment archives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 811-831.
• Miebach, A., Niestrath, P., Roeser, P., Litt, T. 2016. Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in Northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial. Climate of the Past, 12, 575-593.
• Moser, K.A., Baron, J.S., Brahney, J., Oleksy, I. A.,, Saros, J. E., Hundey, E. J., Sadro, S. A., Kopáček, J., Sommaruga, R., Kainz, M. J., Strecker, A. L., Chandra, S., Walters, D. M., Preston D. L., Michelutti, N., Lepori, F., Spaulding, S. A., Christianson, K. R., Melack, J. M., Smol, J.P. 2019. Mountain lakes: Eyes on global environmental change. Global and Planetary Change, 178, 77–95.
• Neukom, R., Steiger, N., Gómez-Navarro, J.J., Wang, J., Werner, J.P. 2019. No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era. Nature, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2
• Ojala, A.E.K., Fancus, P., Zolitschka, B., Besonen, M., Lamoureux, S.F. 2012. Characteristics of sedimentary varve chronologies - A review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 43, 45-60.
• Ryan, W.B.F., Pitman, W.C., Major, C.O., Shimkus, K., Maskalenko, V., Jones, G.A., Dimitrov, P., Görür, N., Sakınç, M., Yüce, H. 1997. An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology, 138, 119–126.
• Roberts, N., Reed, J.M., Leng, M.J., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Fontugne, M., Bertaux, J., Woldring, H., Bottema, S., Black, S., Hunt, E., Karabıyıkoğlu, M. 2001. The tempo of Holocene climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region: New highresolution crater-lake sediments data from central Turkey. The Holocene, 11, 721–736.
• Roberts, N., Eastwood, W.J., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Fiorentino, G., Caracuta, V. 2011. Climatic, vegetation and cultural change in the eastern Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene environmental transition. The Holocene, 21/1, 147–162.
• Roberts, N., Allcock, S.L., Arnaud, F., Dean, J.R., Eastwood, W.J., Jones, M.D., Leng, M.J., Metcalfe, S.E., Malet, E., Woodbridge, J., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. 2016. A tale of two lakes: a multi-proxy comparison of Lateglacial and Holocene environmental change in Cappadocia, Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31, 348–362.
• Rose, N. 2001. Fly-ash particles. pp: 319-349. In Last, W.M.; Smol, J.P. (ed.), Tracking Environmnetal Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 2. Physical and Chemical Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
• Sarıkaya, M.A., Ciner, A., Zreda, M. 2011. Quaternary Glaciations of Turkey. pp. 393-403. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L., Hughes, P.D. (ed), Developments in Quaternary Science, Vol.15. Quaternary Glaciations – Extend and chronology: a closer look.Elsevier, The Netherlands.
• Sekeryapan, C. 2011. Paleolimnological Investigations From Modern Coastal Lakes on Thrace and Black Sea Coast of Turkey During the Mid-late Holocene, Ph.D. Thesis. Metu, Ankara.
• Smol, J.P. 1992. Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, 1, 49-58.
• Smol, J.P. 2008. Pollution of Lakes and Rivers: a paleoenvironmental perspective (2nd ed). Blackwell Publishing.
• Smol, J.P. 2019. Under the radar: long-term perspectives on ecological changes in lakes. Proceeding of Royal Society B, 286: 20190834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0834
• Türkes¸ M. 1996. Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1057-1076.
• Türkes¸ , M., Erlat, E. 2003. Precipitation changes and variability in turkey linked to the North Atlantic oscillation during the period 1930-2000. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1771-1796.
• Wick, L., Lemcke, G., Sturm, M. 2003. Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene, 13/5, 665-675.
• Williams, L.R., Hiscotta, R.N., Aksua, A.E., Bradleyb, L.R., Hornec, D.J., Stoica, M. 2018. Holocene paleoecology and paleoceanography of the southwestern Black Sea shelf revealed by ostracod assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology, 142, 48–66.
• Woldring, H., Bottema, S. 2003. The vegetation history of East-Central Anatolia in relation to archaeology: the Eski Acıgöl pollen evidence compared with the Near Eastern environment. Palaeohistoria, 43/44, 1–34.
• Zemp, M., Frey, H., Gartner-Roer, I., Nussbaumer, S.U., Hoelzle, M., Paul, F., Haeberli, W., Denzinger, F., Ahlstrom, A.P., Anderson, B., Bajracharya, S., Baroni, C., Braun, L.N., Caceres, B.E., Casassa, G., Cobos, G., Davila, L.R., Granados, H.D., Demuth, M.N., Espizua, L., Fischer, A., Fujıta, K., Gadek, B., Ghazanfar, A., Hagen, J.O., Holmlund, J.O., Karimi, N., Li, Z., Pelto, M., Pitte, P., Popovnin, V.V., Portocarrero, C.A., Prinz, R., Sangewar, C.V., Severskiy, I., Sigurdsson, O., Soruco, A., Usubalıiev, R., Vincent, C. 2015. Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 61, No. 228,745-762.
• Zolitschka, B., Francus, P., Ojala, A.E.K., Schimmelmann, A. 2015. Varves in lake sediments – a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 117, 1-41.