ANTROPOLOJİK ÇALIŞMALARDA MANDİBULA MATERYALİNİN 3D OPTİK TARAMA YÖNTEMİ İLE İKİ BOYUTLU FOTOĞRAFLAMA TEKNİĞİ İLE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Amaç: İskelet kalıntıları antropolojik çalışmalar için önemli bir araştırma materyalidir. Gelişen teknolojik imkanlar iskelet materyalinin sadece makroskopik incelemesinin ötesinde 3 boyutlu taramalar ile materyalin 3D incelenmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Tarama sonrasında çok çeşitli açılardan kaydedilen görüntü bilgisayar ortamında görüntü işleme programlarıyla yeniden oluşturulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bir iskelet örneğinin taranması ve makroskopik incelemeyle karşılaştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Mevcut çalışmada Beybağ Bizans (Muğla) toplumuna ait bir erkek bireyin alt çene kemiği 3 boyutlu olarak Artec SPACE SPİDER cihazı ile spektrumdaki görünür ışık tayfında taranmıştır. 0,05 milimetre çözünürlükte tarama yapılmıştır. Bu görüntüler taranan malzemeyi döndürülebilir şekilde her açıdan inceleme imkanı veren 3D olarak kayda alınmış hem de istenilen alanlardan 2 boyutlu görseller sağlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte çene kemiğinin 2 boyutlu görüntüleme ile toplam 8 farklı açıdan fotoğraflanmıştır. Bulgular: Taranmış görüntüler bilgisayar ortamında Artec Studio 12 programı ile birleştirilerek dijital görüntüler oluşturulmuştur. Bunun sonrasında görüntü işleme ile kemiğin doğal rengi verilmiş ve karşılaştırma materyali olacak son görüntüler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada son olarak taranan verilerin 3D baskısı da alınarak çene kemiğinin kopyası çıkarılmıştır Paleopatolojik incelemede gözlenen diş kayıpları, aşınmalar ve kültürel olduğu düşünülen bir aşınma ve diş taşı gibi patolojik durumlar 3D taramada başarılı şekilde gösterilebilmiştir. Sonuç: Mevcut çalışma 3D görüntüleme tekniklerinin paleopatolojik çalışmalarda kullanılmasına dair bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. 3D tarama teknikleri ile dijital hale getirilen araştırma materyalleri sanal müze ve sanal patoloji arşivleri oluşturulmasında kullanılabilir. İlgili materyallerin tarama görüntülerinden elde edilecek 3D baskı ile ana malzemenin yıpranmadan eğitim materyali olarak kopyalanması ve kullanılması antropolojinin yanı sıra tıp ve veterinerlik gibi alanlarda da kullanıma açılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İskelet
• 3D
• tarama
• antropoloji
• patoloji

Comparison of Mandibula Material with 3D Optical Scanning Method in Two-Dimensional Photographing Technique in Anthropological Studies

Öz

Objective: Skeletal remains are an important research material for anthropological studies. The developing technology enables 3D analysis of the material with 3D scans beyond macroscopic examination of the skeletal material. The image recorded from various angles after scanning is reconstructed with image processing programs in computer. The aim of this study is to scan a skeleton sample and compare it with macroscopic examination. Material and Method: In the current study, the lower jaw bone of a male individual belonging to the Beybağ Byzantine (Muğla) community was scanned in 3 dimensional with the Artec SPACE SPIDER device in visible light spectrum. It was scanned at a resolution of 0.05 millimeters. These images were recorded in 3D, which allows the material to be scanned from any angle while rotated, and 2-dimensional images were provided from the desired areas. In addition, the jaw bone was photographed in 8 different angles with 2-dimensional imaging. Results: Scanned images were combined with Artec Studio 12 program in computer and digital images were formed. Afterwards, with the image processing, the natural color of the bone was given and the final images were obtained as the comparison material. In the study, scanned data was also printed in 3 D and a copy of the jaw bone was made. Tooth loss, abrasions and pathological conditions such as abrasion, which were thought to be cultural, and dental stone were successfully demonstrated in 3D scanning. Conclusion: The present study is an example of using 3D imaging techniques in paleopathological studies. Research materials digitized with 3D scanning techniques can be used to create virtual museums and virtual pathology archives. With the 3D printing from the scan images of materials, copying and use it as a training material without wearing out, they can be opened for use in fields such as medicine and veterinary medicine as well as anthropology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Skeleton
• 3D
• scan
• anthropology
• pathology

Kaynakça

1. 1 Brothwell, DR. Digging up Bones. The Excavation, Treatment, and Study of Human Skeletal Remains BAS. Cornell University Press. New York 1981
2. 2 Tocheri WM. Advanced Imaging in Biology and Medicine. Technology, Software Environments, Applications Chapter 4: Laser Scanning: 3D Analysis of Biological Surfaces, Ed. Sensen CW. Hallgrímsson B. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
3. Tocheri M.W. (2009) Laser Scanning: 3D Analysis of Biological Surfaces. In: Sensen C.W., Hallgrímsson B. (eds) Advanced Imaging in Biology and Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68993-5_4 2009
4. 3 Harcourt-Smith WEH, Tallman M, Frost S, Wiley D., Rohlf FR, Delson E. “Analysis of Selected Hominoid Joint Surfaces Using Laser Scanning and Geometric Morphometrics: A Preliminary Report” E.J. Sargis and M. Dagosto (eds.), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Springer Science. 2008; 373–383
5. 4 Slizewski A, Friess M, Semal P, (2010) “Surface scanning of anthropological specimens: nominal-actual comparison with low cost laser scanner and high end fringe light projection surface scanning systems” Quartär 2010; 57: 179-187
6. 5 Slizewski A, Semal P. “Experiences with low and high cost 3D surface Scanner” Quartar 2009; 56: 131-138
7. 6 MacLeod N. Imaging and analysis of skeletal morphology: New tools and techniques. Palaeopathology in Egypt and Nubia. A century in review. Edited by Ryan Metcalfe, Jenefer Cockitt and Rosalie David. Archaeopress 2014.
8. 7 Brough A., Guy R, Chiara V, Kerri C, Fabrice D, Summer DJ. The benefits of medical imaging and 3D modelling to the field of forensic anthropology positional statement of the members of the forensic anthropology working group of the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. J of Foren Radiol Imag 2019; 18: 18–19.

9. 8 Carew Rachael M., Morgan RM, Phil D, Carolyn R. A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction. J Foren Sci 2019; 64(2):342-352.
10. 9 Brzobohatá H, Prokop J, Horák M, Jancárek A, Velemínská J. Accuracy and Benefits of 3D Bone Surface Modelling: A Comparison of Two Methods of Surface Data Acquisition Reconstructed by Laser Scanning and Computed Tomography Outputs. Coll Antropol 2012; 36(3): 801–806
11. 10 Friess M. “Scratching the surface? The use of surface scanning in physical and paleoanthropology” J Anthropol Sci 2012; 90: 1-26
12. 11 Özkoçak V. Yüzün anatomik ve antropolojik yapisini incelemede kullanılan antropometrik teknikler. Eurasian Academy of Sciences. Euras Art Human J 2018; 9: 30- 38
13. 12 Fahrnia Stella, Campana Lorenzo, Dominguez Alejandro, Uldin Tanya, Dedouit Fabrice, Delemont Olivier and Grabherr Silke (2017). CT-scan vs. 3D surface scanning of a skull: first considerations regarding reproducibility issues. Foren Sci Res 2017; 2(2): 93–99
14. 13 White S, Hirst C, Smith SE. (2018) The Suitability of 3D Data: 3D Digitisation of Human Remains. Journal of the World Archaeological Congress 2018; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9347-9
15. 14 Tırpan A, Söğüt B, Büyüközer A. “Lagina, Börükçü, Belentepe ve Mengefe 2008 Yılı Çalışmaları” 31. Kazı Toplantısı 2009; 3.cilt, 25-29 Mayıs sf.505-527
16. 15 Karaöz Arıhan S. Beybağ Mevkii (Muğla) Bizans Dönemi Toplumunda Beslenmeye Bağlı Gelişen Paleopatolojik Rahatsızlıklar, T.C. Ankara Üniverisitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Antropoloji (Paleoantropoloji) Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi (2013), Ankara
17. 16 Aufderheide-C, Rodriquez-Martin C. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge University Pres, U.K. 1998
18. 17 Kuzminsky SC, Susan C, Reyes OB, Arriaza B, Mendez C, Standen V, Vivien G, Roman MS, Munoz I, Duran Herrera A, Hubbe M. “Investigating Cranial Morphological Variation of Early Human Skeletal Remains from Chile: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Approach, Am J Phys Anthropol 2017
19. 18 Kuzminsky SC, Tiffiny A, Tung TA, Hubbe M. Villaseñor-Marchal A. The application of 3D geometric morphometrics and laser surface scanning to investigate the standardization of cranial vault modification in the Andes. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2016; Reports 10: 507–513
20. 19 Friess M, Marcus LF, Reddy, Delson E. “The Use of 3D Laser Scanning Techniques for the Morfometric Analysis of Human Facial Shape Variation” Three-Dimensional Imaging in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Section 1 theory and Method Symposium - BAR International Series 2002
21. 20 Subsol G, Moreno B, Braga J, Jessel JP, Bruxelles L, Thackeray CR. In Situ 3D Digitization of the “Little Foot” Australopithecus Skeleton From Sterkfontein. Paleo Anthropol 2015; 44−53. doi:10.4207/PA.2015.ART95
22. 21 Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L, Russo V. Giovanni Battista Morgagni: facial reconstruction by virtual anthropology. Foren Sci Med Pathol 2015; 11(2): 222–227.
23. 22 Weber GW, Bookstein F, Strait DS. “Virtual anthropology meets biomechanics” J Biomech 2011; 44: 1429-1432
24. 23 Weber GW. “Another link between archaeology and anthropology: Virtual anthropology” Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 1, 2014; 3-11
25. 24 Weber GW. “Virtual Anthropology” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 2015; 156: 22–42
26. 25 Fiorenza L, Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Hughes T, Quayle M, McMenamin PG, Kaidonis J, Townsend G C, Adams JW. Technical note: The use of 3D printing in dental anthropology Collections. Am J Phys Anthropol 2018;167(2): 400–406.