Peyzaj Mimarlığında Sürdürülebilirlik ve Mirasın Korunması: Knidos Örneği, Muğla

Abstract

Peyzaj, belirli bir bölgenin, insan ve doğanın etkileşimi ve eylemiyle yaratılan doğal ve/veya kültürel özellikleridir. Bu nedenle peyzajın karakteri, tarihi ve kültürel mirasın geleneklerinin ve estetik niteliklerinin bir yansıması olarak görülmektedir. Sürdürülebilirlik, doğal kaynakların bozulmadan ve zarar görmeden sürekli kullanılmasıdır. Sürdürülebilirlik vizyonları peyzaj mimarlığının temel kaygılarından biri olmuştur ve tasarım, planlama, uygulama, bakım ve restorasyon aşamalarında gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Bu özellikle peyzaj içindeki kültürel ve doğal değerlerin ve süreçlerin sürdürülebilirliği ve korunmasıyla ilgilidir. Çalışmanın amacı, peyzaj mimarlığında sürdürülebilirlik vizyonlarını tasarım, planlama, uygulama, bakım ve restorasyon gibi mesleki her aşamada somut örneklerle tartışmak ve kültürel mirasın korunmasına yönelik sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerini, peyzaj mimarlığı ile peyzaj mimarlığı arasındaki ilişki göz önünde bulundurularak ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymaktır. Peyzaj ve insan faktörleri sürdürülebilir bir geleceğe bağlı olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kültürel peyzaj örneği olan Knidos, Dünya Miras Komitesi'nin kültürel peyzaj tanımına göre kültürel, görsel, ekolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik boyutlarıyla değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• peyzaj mimarlığı
• sürdürülebilirlik
• mirasın korunması
• kültürel peyzaj

SUSTAINABILITY AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: THE CASE OF KNIDOS, MUĞLA

Abstract

Landscape refers to the natural and/or cultural features of a particular area created through interactions between humans and nature. The character of a landscape is seen as a representation of the traditions, customs and aesthetic qualities of its historical and cultural heritage. Sustainability involves the continued use of natural resources without damaging or degrading their original state and capacity. Sustainability issues in landscape architecture are an important consideration and can be addressed at various stages such as design, planning, implementation, maintenance and restoration. This is particularly important for the preservation of cultural and natural values and processes in the landscape. The aim of this study was to investigate visions for sustainability in landscape architecture and to present concrete examples at each professional stage (design, planning, implementation, maintenance and restoration). Additionally, the study aimed to outline principles for the conservation of sustainable heritage, recognizing the important relationship between landscape and human factors in achieving a sustainable future. Knidos, a cultural landscape area, was evaluated as an example using the criteria determined by the World Heritage Committee, taking into account its cultural, visual, ecological, social and economic dimensions.

Keywords

• landscape architecture
• sustainability
• heritage conservation
• cultural landscape

References

1. Anonymous, 2023. Images from Knidos. https://l24.im/fYvle (Accessed September 2023)
2. Antrop, M., 2005. Handling Landscape Change. ECLAS European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools Conference, Ankara 14-18 September 2005, Pages 3-14.
3. Antrop, M., 2006. Sustainable Landscapes: Contradiction, Fiction or Utopia? Landscape and Urban Planning 75: 187 – 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.014
4. Atik, M., Danacı, H.M., Erdoğan, R., 2010. Perception of Plants in Ancient Times and Their Use as Motifs Revealing Aspects of the Cultural Landscape In Side, Turkey. Landscape Research 35 (3): 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426391003743579
5. Atik, M., Karagüzel, O., 2007. Peyzaj Mimarlığı Uygulamalarında Su Tasarrufu Olanakları ve Süs Bitkisi Olarak Doğal Türlerin Kullanım Önceliği. Water Saving Possibilities in Landscape Architecture Applications and Priority in Using Native Plants Species as Ornamentals Tarımın Sesi TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası Antalya Şubesi Yayını, Sayı 15, Sayfa 9-12.
6. ASLA, 2003. Landscape Architecture Terms. ASLA; American Society of Landscape Architects https://www.librarycat.org/lib/aslalibrary (Accessed September 2023)
7. Bell, S., 2005. LeNotre Working Group for Cultural Landscape. Minutes of the Meeting. ECLAS European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools,“Landscape Change” 14-18 September, 2005 Ankara.
8. Council of Europe, 2000. The European Landscape Convention (STE n°176) http://www.coe.int (Accessed September 2023)

9. Council of Europe, 2003. Second Meeting of the Workshops for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention. https://rm.coe.int/0900001680928d96 (Accessed September 2023)
10. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, 2020. Knidos. https://l24.im/rkDI (Accessed October 2023)
11. Daniel, T.C., 2001. Whither Scenic Beauty? Visual Landscape Quality Assessment in the 21st Century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 54 (1–4): 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4
12. Datça Kaymakamlığı, 2023. Knidos Antik Kenti. http://datca.gov.tr/knidos-antik-kenti (Accessed October 2023)
13. Fairclough, G., Rippon, S., Bull, D., 2002. Europe’s Cultural Landscape: Archaeologists and the Management of Change, in Cooperation with the Council of Europe, European Archaeologiae Consilium and English Heritage, ISBN 90-76975-02-X Council of Europe, 37 pages.
14. Finch J. & Woudstra J. (eds.) 2020. Capability Brown, Royal Gardener: The Business of Place-Making in Northern Europe. York: White Rose University Press, p. 240.
15. Fowler, P.J., 2003. World heritage cultural landscapes. 1992–2002: A review and prospect cultural landscapes: The challenges of conservation. World Heritage Papers 7, Published by UNESCO World Heritage Centre Italy, pages 133, Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_06_en.pdf (Accessed October 2023)
16. Gòmez-Sal, A., Belmontes, J.A., Nicolau, J.M., 2003. Assessing Landscape values: a proposal for a multidimentional conceptual model. Ecological Modelling 168:319-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00144-3
17. Historic England, 2023. Archaeological Landscapes. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/current/discover-and-understand/landscapes/ (Accessed September 2023)
18. Lörzing, H., 2005. Different Ways to Change a Landscape. ECLAS European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools Conference “Landscape Change”, Ankara 14-18 September, 2005, p. 90-97,
19. Morrow, B.H., 1957. A Dictionary of Landscape Architecture. Published by University of New Mexico Press.
20. Mosler, S., 2009. Aspects of Archaeological Heritagein the Cultural Landscapes of Western Anatolia. International Journal of Heritage Studies 15 (1): 24-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250902746054 (Accessed September 2023)
21. Motloch, J. L., 2000. Introduction to Landscape Design (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons Inc., ISBN: 0-471-35291-8, Canada, 375 p.
22. Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, 2023. Knidos. https://mugla.ktb.gov.tr/TR-273365/knidos.html (Accessed September 2023)
23. Potschin, M., Haines-Young, R., 2006. Rio+10”, Sustainable Science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75: 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.03.005 (Accessed September 2023)
24. Rössler, M. 2006. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A UNESCO Flagship Programme 1992-2006. Landscape Research 31(4): 333-353.
25. Stephenson, J., 2008. The Cultural Values Model: An Integrated Approach to Values in Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84:127-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.003 (Accessed September 2023)
26. Tosun, K.E., 2009. Sürdürülebilirlik Olgusu ve Kentsel Yapıya Etkileri. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 5 (2): SAYFA (e-dergi), ISSN 1305-7979, http://www.paradoks.org (Accessed September 2023)
27. UNESCO, 1972. Convention Concerning tthe Protection of World Cultural and National Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf (Accessed October 2023).
28. WHC, 1992. Convention Concerning to Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. WHC.92/CONF.002/12. http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/16COM (Accessed September 2023)