Biodiversity Sensitive Landscape Design Approaches for Cities

Abstract

Cities are rapidly expanding with the increasing population, leading to various environmental impacts. However, the potential of cities to conserve and enhance biodiversity is often overlooked (Müller & Werner, 2010). Conserving and supporting biodiversity in urban areas is not only essential for the health of natural ecosystems but also for the well-being and quality of life for city residents (Alvey, 2006). Therefore, biodiversity-sensitive landscape design in cities has become a significant focus in landscape design. In this research, four landscape design projects, "One Central Greenway", "Superbloom", "Red Ribbon Park" and "Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA)", were analyzed with a focus on biodiversity sensitive landscape design criteria. Each project was assessed with key criteria such as native plant and habitat utilization, diversity of species and plant layers, water resources, natural resources, ecological corridors, sustainable maintenance practices, public education and awareness.

Keywords

• biodiversity
• sustainable design
• landscape design

Kentler İçin Biyoçeşitliliğe Duyarlı Peyzaj Tasarım Yaklaşımları

Abstract

Kentler, artan nüfusla birlikte hızla genişlemekte ve çeşitli çevresel etkilere yol açmaktadır. Ancak, şehirlerin biyolojik çeşitliliği koruma ve geliştirme potansiyeli genellikle göz ardı edilmektedir (Müller & Werner, 2010). Kentsel alanlarda biyoçeşitliliğin korunması ve desteklenmesi sadece doğal ekosistemlerin sağlığı için değil, aynı zamanda kent sakinlerinin refahı ve yaşam kalitesi için de gereklidir (Alvey, 2006). Bu nedenle, kentlerde biyoçeşitliliğe duyarlı peyzaj tasarımı, peyzaj tasarımında önemli bir odak noktası haline gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada, "One Central Greenway", "Superbloom", "Red Ribbon Park" ve "Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA)" olmak üzere dört peyzaj tasarım projesi, biyoçeşitliliğe duyarlı peyzaj tasarım kriterlerine odaklanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Her bir proje, yerli bitki ve habitat kullanımı, tür ve bitki katmanlarının çeşitliliği, su kaynakları, doğal kaynaklar, ekolojik koridorlar, sürdürülebilir bakım uygulamaları, kamu eğitimi ve farkındalığı gibi temel kriterlerle değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• biyoçeşitlilik
• sürdürülebilir tasarım
• peyzaj tasarımı

References

1. Ahern, J., 1999. Spatial Concepts, Planning Strategies, and Future Scenarios: A FrameworkMethod for Integrating Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning. In: Klopatek, J.M., Gardner, R.H. (Eds), Landscape Ecological Analysis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0529-6_10
2. Alberti, W., Wang, T., 2022. Detecting Patterns of Vertebrate Biodiversity Across the Multidimensional Urban Landscape, Ecology Letters 25: 1027-1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13969
3. Alvey, A.A., 2006. Promoting and Preserving Biodiversity in the Urban Forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 5 (4):195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003
4. Archdaily, 2013. Red Ribbon Park Turenscape. https://www.archdaily.com/445661/red-ribbon-park-turenscape?ad_medium=gallery (Access Date: 01.05.2024).
5. Arup, 2024. Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture. https://www.arup.com/projects/rwanda-institute-for-conservation-agriculture (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
6. ASLA, 2007. The Red Ribbon – Tanghe River Park, Turenscape, General Design Honor Award. https://www.asla.org/awards/2007/07winners/056_tbtd.html (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
7. ASLA, 2020. Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA), Sierra Bainbridge, Award of Exellence: Analysis and Planning. https://www.asla.org/2020awards/397.html (Access Date: 02.05.2024)
8. Baan, I., 2024. Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture, MASS Design Group. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/rwanda-institute-conservation-agriculture (Access Date: 02.05.2024)

9. Barcelona International Landscape Biennial, 2020. Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture. https://landscape.coac.net/en/node/6059 (Access Date: 03.05.2024)
10. Başer, B., 2011. Natural and Cultural Traces of the Flora of Istanbul. Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Cultural Inventory (9), 155-170.
11. Baumann, N. and Kasten, F., 2010. Green Roofs - Urban Habitats for Ground-Nesting Birds and Plants. In Müller N, Werner P, Kelcey J.G. (Eds), Urban Biodiversity and Design, Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318654.ch18
12. Derinboğaz, E. B., 2022. Peyzajın Karşılaşmarı ve Dönüşümü. In Erdem Kaya, M. (Ed), Peyzajı Açmak. Vizyon Basımevi, İstanbul, pp 47-59.
13. Divisare, 2012. Turenscape Qinhuangdao Red Ribbon Park. https://divisare.com/projects/206402-turenscape-qinhuangdao-red-ribbon-park (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
14. Dunnett, N., 2024. Tower of London SuperBloom. https://www.nigeldunnett.com/tower-of-london-superbloom/ (Access Date: 01.05.2024).
15. Erdem Kaya, M., 2022. Ekoloji ve Tasarım Arakesitinde. In Erdem Kaya, M. (Ed), Peyzajı Açmak. Vizyon Basımevi, İstanbul, pp 207-217.
16. European Comission, 2013. “The Habitat Directive”. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/habitats-directive_en#related--links (Access Date 30.04.2024).
17. Grant Associates, 2022. Seed sowing underway for Tower of London Jubilee ‘Superbloom’. https://grant-associates.uk.com/news/seed-sowing-underway-for-tower-of-london-jubilee-superbloom (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
18. Grant Associates, 2024. Superbloom Tower of London. https://grant-associates.uk.com/projects/superbloom (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
19. Haase, D., 2021. Integrating Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions – New Perspectives in Sustainable Urban Land Management. In Weith T, Barkmann T, Gaasch N, Rogga S, Strauß C, Zscheischler J (Eds.), Sustainable Land Management in a European Context. Human-Environment Interactions 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50841-8_16
20. Historic Royal Palaces, 2023. The Moat in Bloom: Flower Guide. https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/whats-on/the-tower-moat/ (Access Date: 04.05.2024).
21. IFLA World, 2020. Definition of the Profession of Landscape Architect. https://www.iflaeurope.eu/assets/docs/210120_IFLA_LA_Definition_Final.pdf (Access Date: 18.04.2024).
22. Ignatieva, M., 2010. Design and Future of Urban Biodiversity. In Müller N, Werner P, Kelcey J.G. (Eds), Urban Biodiversity and Design, Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318654.ch6
23. IPCC, 2023. Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, In H. Lee and J. Romero (Eds.), IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 184 p. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.
24. Kattwinkel, M., Biedermann, R., Kleyer, M., 2011. Temporary Conservation for Urban Biodiversity, Biological Conservation, 144 (9): 2335-2343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.012
25. Landezine, 2023. MKSK is Announcing LAB for Climate and Biodiversity Resilience. https://landezine.com/mksk-is-announcing-lab-for-climate-and-biodiversity-resilience/ (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
26. Landezine, 2024. Superbloom at The Tower of London. https://landezine.com/superbloom-at-the-tower-of-london-by-grant-associates/ (Access Date: 01.05.2024).
27. MASS Design Group, 2024. Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/rwanda-institute-conservation-agriculture (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
28. MKSK, 2021. One Central Greenway. In The Columbus District Council of the Urban Land Institute and Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Comission (Eds.), Rapid 5 Project, Columbus, Ohio : Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission, pp. 78-162.
29. MKSK, 2023. RAPID 5 One Central Greenway Central Ohio. https://mkskstudios.com/projects/rapid-5-one-central-greenway (Access Date: 02.05.2024).
30. Müller, N., Werner, P., 2010. Urban Biodiversity and the Case for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Towns and Cities. In Müller N, Werner P, Kelcey J.G. (Eds), Urban Biodiversity and Design, Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318654.ch1
31. Norton, B.A., Evans, K.L., Warren, P.H., 2016. Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes and Planning, Curr Landscape Ecol Rep 1: 178-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-016-0018-5 RAPID 5, 2022. Connect with Nature and One Another. https://www.rapid5.org/about (Access Date: 04.05.2024).
32. Semerdzhieva L., Borisova B., 2021. Urban Ecosystems Assessment: An Integrated Approach to Maintenance of Habitats and Their Biodiversity. Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society, 45: 99–106. https://doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e78975
33. Turenscape, 2020. Qinhuangdao Red Ribbon Park. https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/4793.html (Access Date: 02.05.2024).