Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder

Enes Eken; İsmail Bayraklı

doi:10.33769/aupse.1736736

Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder

Abstract

The wavelength of a grating-coupled EC-QCL (external cavity quantum cascade laser) can be scanned using a motorized stage on which the diffraction grating is mounted. The speed of the motor affects the resolution of the spectrum. The resolution of the laser signal and the speed of the motor are inversely proportional; as the speed of the motor increases, the resolution decreases. Nevertheless, it is desirable to both increase the motor speed (hence reducing the analysis time) and achieve high resolution. Within the scope of this research, we conducted a new theoretical study that will enable this situation. For this purpose, we developed a Transformer Encoder based model inspired by Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and demonstrated that the model injects correct information into the low resolution signal in a fixed interval.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

Project Number

124E058

Ethical Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Thanks

The author thanks TUBITAK for its support.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Machine Learning (Other), Lasers and Quantum Electronics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Enes Eken ^*
0000-0002-7534-6247
Türkiye

İsmail Bayraklı
0000-0002-4512-8783
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 24, 2025

Submission Date

July 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 29, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 67 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.33769/aupse.1736736

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA52WD23KR

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Eken, E., & Bayraklı, İ. (2025). Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A2-A3 Physical Sciences and Engineering, 67(2), 216-226. https://doi.org/10.33769/aupse.1736736

AMA

1.Eken E, Bayraklı İ. Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder. Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series A2-A3: Phys.Sci. and Eng. 2025;67(2):216-226. doi:10.33769/aupse.1736736

Chicago

Eken, Enes, and İsmail Bayraklı. 2025. “Improving Resolution of Grating-Coupled External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser Without Sacrificing Time by Leveraging Transformer Encoder”. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A2-A3 Physical Sciences and Engineering 67 (2): 216-26. https://doi.org/10.33769/aupse.1736736.

EndNote

Eken E, Bayraklı İ (December 1, 2025) Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A2-A3 Physical Sciences and Engineering 67 2 216–226.

IEEE

[1]E. Eken and İ. Bayraklı, “Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder”, Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series A2-A3: Phys.Sci. and Eng., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 216–226, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.33769/aupse.1736736.

ISNAD

Eken, Enes - Bayraklı, İsmail. “Improving Resolution of Grating-Coupled External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser Without Sacrificing Time by Leveraging Transformer Encoder”. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A2-A3 Physical Sciences and Engineering 67/2 (December 1, 2025): 216-226. https://doi.org/10.33769/aupse.1736736.

JAMA

1.Eken E, Bayraklı İ. Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder. Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series A2-A3: Phys.Sci. and Eng. 2025;67:216–226.

MLA

Eken, Enes, and İsmail Bayraklı. “Improving Resolution of Grating-Coupled External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser Without Sacrificing Time by Leveraging Transformer Encoder”. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A2-A3 Physical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 67, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 216-2, doi:10.33769/aupse.1736736.

Vancouver

1.Enes Eken, İsmail Bayraklı. Improving resolution of grating-coupled external cavity quantum cascade laser without sacrificing time by leveraging transformer encoder. Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series A2-A3: Phys.Sci. and Eng. 2025 Dec. 1;67(2):216-2. doi:10.33769/aupse.1736736